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Pediatric Diagnosis > Midterm Pt 1 > Flashcards

Midterm Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Quickening/Lightening primigravidas

A

First perception of fetal movement 18-20 weeks

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2
Q

Quickening/Lightening multigravidas

A

First perception of fetal movement 14-16 weeks

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3
Q

Cholasma/Melisma/Mask of Pregnancy

A

Hormonal reaction causing darkening of skin like freckles; occurs around 16 weeks gestation

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4
Q

Linea Nigra

A

Dark line from umbilicus to pubis; due to splitting of rectus abdominus

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5
Q

Piscacek’s sign

A

Asymmetrical enlargement of uterus

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6
Q

Chadwick’s

A

Blueish or purplish discolouration of vagina and cervix

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7
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

Usually occur around 28 weeks

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8
Q

Artificial ptocin

A

Induces side to side contractions

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9
Q

Morning sickness

A

Occurs in 50% of pregnancies between 5-18 weeks

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10
Q

Hyperemesis gravidum

A

Loses 5% of body weight, dehydration, ketosis, electrolyte abnormalities

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11
Q

Rh Incompatibility

A

Rh- mother, Rh+ baby: mother creates antibodies against baby

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12
Q

Rh Incompatibility complications

A

Heart failure
Kernicterus: bilirubin encephalopathy
Hydrops fetalis: gross edema of whole body

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13
Q

Fundal Height

A

Measured every week after 20 weeks; equal to weeks of gestation +/- 2cm.

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14
Q

Abnormal fundal height

A

Too small; growth issue of baby, amniotic fluid loss

Too large; twins, big baby, weight gain of mom

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15
Q

Effacement (labour term)

A

Shortening and thinning of cervix

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16
Q

Engagement (labour term)

A

Fetal head passes into the pelvic cavity

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17
Q

Bloody show (labour term)

A

Mucous plug releases from cervix

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18
Q

Lochia

A

Vaginal discharge 1-2 weeks after birth

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19
Q

Progression of lochia

A

1st rubra: blood tinged mucous
2nd yellow: mucous and blood
3rd white/alba: just mucous

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20
Q

Fetal station

A

Measurement as fetus descends into birth canal

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21
Q

Fetal station measurements

A

Ischial spine at 0; higher is negative 1-5; lower is positive 1-5. Birth begins around zero

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22
Q

Pre-eclampsia
aka toxemia of pregnancy
aka pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH)

A

Usually begins around 24th week (in 5-10% of pregnancies). Uterine hypertonia and hyperirritability are a high risk for premature contractions

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23
Q

3 Cardinal signs of pre-eclampsia

A

Rise in BP (along with headache)
Edema
Protinuria

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24
Q

Amniotic Fluid Disorders 1

A

Oligohydraminios: too little amniotic fluid. Early on causes club foot deformities and pressure on cord. Late also causes intrauterine growth retardation, fetal distress. Usually tough labour or C-section needed

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25
Q

Amniotic Fluid Disorders 2

A

Polyhydraminos: too much fluid (2000mL)

C-section is needed. Occurs in 1% of cases Can indicate maternal diabetes or congenital malformation.

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26
Q

Gestational Diabetes

A

Fasting blood sugar > 130 mg/dL

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27
Q

Infant of Diabetic Mother (IDM)

A

Usually 2x the size of a normal kid with enlarged heart and liver.

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28
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

Do not take pills

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29
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

Embryo implants outside endometrium; always fatal to embryo, often fatal to mom

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30
Q

Ectopic pregnancy presentation

A

Px will have stomach cramping and possible bleeding from birth canal; beginning shortly after 1st missed period

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31
Q

Ectopic pregnancy risk factors

A

Tubal disease, exposure to DES or induced abortion

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32
Q

Miscarriage

A

Usually before 20th week of pregnancy (usually 5-6 weeks)

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33
Q

Miscarriage etiology

A

Severe physical shock, uterine abnormalities, acute infections, endocrine abnormalities

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34
Q

Signs of miscarriage

A

Cramping, pain, vaginal bleeding, diffuse low back pain

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35
Q

Group B Strep

A

Present in 10-35% of healthy women; puts baby at higher risk of pneumonia or meningitis; mom needs antibiotics

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36
Q

Sequela of group B strep

A

Baby difficulty with temperature regulation, grunting sounds, fever, seizures, breathing problems, failure to thrive

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37
Q

3rd trimester bleeding

A

Sudden painful vaginal bleeding, medical emergency

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38
Q

Placenta previa

A

Placenta is slipping off the uterine wall so there is limited blood supply

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39
Q

Placenta abruptio

A

Entire placenta falls off; massive bright red bleeding is a medical emergency

40
Q

Prolapse of the umbilical cord

A

MC in breech baby. Umbilical cord needs to be pushed back in. Call 911

41
Q

APGAR

A 
Taken at 1 minutes and 5. 
0-3= severely depressed infant
4-6= moderately depressed infant
7-8= slightly depressed infant
9-10= normal infant
42
Q

APGAR

A 
Appearance/colour
Pulse rate 
Grimace/reflex
Activity/movement
Respiratory rate
43
Q

Newborn Day 1

A

First 24 hours; one wet diaper and meconium

44
Q

Newborn Day 2

A

Wet diaper every 8-11 hrs and possible 2nd meconium

45
Q

Newborn Day 3

A

4-6 wet diapers and green/yellow stool

46
Q

Newborn Day 4 & 5

A

6-8 wet diapers and 3-4 yellow seedy stools

47
Q

Meconium stained amniotic fluid (MSAF)

A

If inhaled; hypoxia and fetal distress. Possible pneumonia –> pneumothorax –> overinflation and subsequent collapse of lungs

48
Q

Water breaks with meconium in it

A

Call 911

49
Q

Jaundice

A

Physiological (in 70% of normal babies); appears btwn days 2-5 and goes away btwn days 10-14

50
Q

Jaundice day 1

A

Pathological: baby receives phototherapy

51
Q

Caput Seccudaneum

A

Raised subcutaneous tissue that crosses suture line due to breech or facial presentations

52
Q

Cephalhematoma

A

Birth injury; raised periosteum that does not cross suture line. From vacuum or forceps

53
Q

Milia

A

Baby acne; Tiny white cysts on chin and cheeks

54
Q

Mongolian spots

A

Blueish area around pelvis; smooth and flat. MC in children of colour

55
Q

Cafe au Lait spots

A

Irregular or well circumscribed. Varying from dark brown to yellow. More than 6 –> Neurofibromatosis

56
Q

Port wine stains

aka Stork bites

A

Reddish coloured spots. Worrisome if on face or large. Stork bites are smaller and lighter.

57
Q

Rashes

A

Use calendula cream. Cradle cap usually disappears 4-6 months

58
Q

Regurgitation/Spitting up

A

Normal up to 4-6 months as long as child is gaining weight

59
Q

Infant Reflux

A

Spitting up is accompanied by crying

60
Q

Gastro-esophageal reflux (GER)

A

Painful spitting up due to partial digestion

61
Q

Colic

A

Acute abdominal pain; 3 hr/day, 3x/week for 3 weeks. Usually starts 2-4 weeks old

62
Q

Colic presentation

A

Infant flexes their legs up to their abdomen and screams and clenches fists. Stomach palpates firm

63
Q

Constipation

A

Delay of difficulty passing stool for more than 2 weeks. Baby cries when pooping.

64
Q

Diarrhea

A

Never normal. Loose, watery undigested stool

65
Q

Vomiting

A

In babies is always projectile

66
Q

Solutions to stomach issues

A

Change formula or no dairy for nursing mom

67
Q

Normal birth weight

A

6-9lbs

68
Q

Low birth weight

A

5.5 lbs or less; MC in twins and premies

69
Q

Normal weight loss

A

7-10% of birth weight in 3-4 days

Loss of ECF, meconium and only colostrum intake

70
Q

Normal weight gain newborn

A

Baby back to birth weight by day 10.

Mom needs A LOT of water, minimum 500 extra calories and to listen for swallowing and feel breast changes while nursing

71
Q

Normal weight gain infant

A

1 ounce/day for 5-6 months
1 ounce/ 2days 6-12 months
4-6 lbs/year from 13 months and on

72
Q

Birth weight doubles

A

6 months

73
Q

Birth weight triples

A

1 year

74
Q

Birth weigh quardruples

A

2.5 years

75
Q

Average newborn length

A

20 inches

76
Q

Newborn growth length

A

10 inches

77
Q

Infant growth in height

A

2-3 inches/year until puberty

78
Q

Birth height doubles

A

4 years

79
Q

Birth height triples

A

13 years

80
Q

Normal head circumference

A

13-14 inches

81
Q

Head circumference growth

A

4 inches in first year

1/2 inch/year next 5 years

82
Q

Teething

A

starts at 3 months; breaks through at 6 months

83
Q

Signs of teething

A

Mucous, crying, fever, irritable, not sleeping

84
Q

Baby teeth

A

Normal; 20 by age 3

85
Q

Adult teeth

A

Come around age 6

86
Q

Infant vision

A

Nearsighted; 18 inch focal point

87
Q

Antibiotic eye drops

A

Negative effect on vision

88
Q

Tonsils and adenoids

A

Normal increase in size until age 5, then decrease as rest of immune system develops

89
Q

Swollen tonsils and adenoids

A

Instruct mom to go dairy free. May need removal if affecting child’s breathing

90
Q

Infant eustachian tube

A

Short and straight

91
Q

Adult eustachian tube

A

Longer and angled down

92
Q

Eustachian tube

A

Mechanically pulled on by atlas subluxation

93
Q

Acute otitis media

A

MC between 3 months and 3 years of age

94
Q

Acute otitis media risks

A

Chronic infections risk hearing loss. Tubes for drainage should be considered

95
Q

Acute otitis media symptoms

A

Head or jaw pain, hearing loss and vertigo, fever, nausea, vomiting, crying while sleeping and diarrhea

Pediatric Diagnosis (2 decks)

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