Midterm Qs Flashcards
Uncontrolled expression of an oncogene is associated with:
A. Increased risk of cancer
B. No change in risk of cancer
C. Decreased risk of cancer
A. Increased risk of cancer
There is convincing evidence that obesity (body fatness) is positively associated with cancer of the:
A. Colorectum, kidney, pancreas, liver, esophagus, endometrium, breast
(postmenopausal)
B. Colorectum, liver, pancreas, blood, endometrium, breast (premenopausal)
C. Colorectum, kidney, pancreas, esophagus, endometrium, breast (premenopausal)
D. Ovary, kidney, pancreas, esophagus, liver, endometrium, breast (premenopausal)
A. Colorectum, kidney, pancreas, liver, esophagus, endometrium, breast
(postmenopausal)
Mutated APC genes are common in many cases of colon cancer. The protein product of the APC gene normally inhibits a protein needed for cell cycle progression. APC is likely
what type of gene?
A. Oncogene/proto-oncogene
B. Tumor suppressor gene
C. DNA repair gene
D. Malignant gene
B. Tumor suppressor gene
To estimate HDL/LDL the ratio of apolipoproteins you would use is:
A. apo B/ apoA
B. apo C/ apoB
C. apo B/ apo C
D. apo A/ apoB
E. apo B/ apo E
D. apo A/ apoB
Which of the following is NOT a modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease?
A. Stress
B. High cholesterol
C. High blood pressure
D. Family history
E. None of the above
D. Family history
What is a potential confounding factor that should be considered when studying the relationship between fat quality and cardiovascular disease?
A. Type of cardiovascular disease
B. Type of fat
C. Intake of animal protein
D. Gender
E. Genetics
F. All of the above are potential confounders
C. Intake of animal protein
Which of the following does NOT contribute to endocrine control of blood pressure?
A. Epinephrine
B. Atrial natriuretic peptide
C. Pro-diuretic hormone
D. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
C. Pro-diuretic hormone
Dietary salt consumption is associated with hypertension in what way?
A. There is no association between dietary sodium and hypertension
B. There is a positive association between dietary sodium intake and risk of hypertension
C. There is an inverse association between dietary sodium intake and risk of hypertension
D. There are no studies that provide evidence for this association
B. There is a positive association between dietary sodium intake and risk of hypertension
T/F: The WHO/IARC recently classified red meat as a Group 1 carcinogen
False. Group 2A or processed meat is 1
T/F: ccording to the evidence reviewed in class, saturated fat replacing carbohydrate does not
appear to alter the Total/HDL cholesterol ratio
True
T/F: In the Dietary Reference Intakes, the AMDR (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range) for monounsaturated fatty acids is greater than 10% energy
False. N-6 PUFA is 5-10% or no recommendation for MUFA
T/F: A large contributor to sodium intakes in Canadian diets is bread and bread-products.
True
T/F: The majority of cancers can be attributed to genetic predisposition
False. 5-10% genetic predisposition or majority environmental factors
The DASH diet is often recommended to reduce blood pressure and decrease risk of hypertension. Describe the characteristics of a DASH diet and briefly discuss which
components contribute to its antihypertensive efficacy.
Emphasizes vegetables, fruits, and fat-free or low-fat dairy products
Includes whole grains, fish, poultry, beans, seeds, nuts, and vegetable oils
Limits sodium, sweets, sugary beverages, and red meats
Low in sodium, high in potassium (fruits and vegetables)
Low saturated fat (low-fat dairy, limited red meat)
Fiber (whole grains, legumes)
List two aspects of diet (foods or nutrients) that are related to the classic diet-heart hypothesis.
List two aspects of diet (foods or nutrients) that may be related to CVD risk that are not included
in the classic diet-heart hypothesis, and, for each, describe one possible mechanism linking the
nutrient to CVD risk
Diet-heart hypothesis: High saturated fat, high cholesterol, low PUFA
Not included in classis diet-heart hypothesis:
Omega-3 fatty acids: lower triacylglycerol, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-thrombotic
Fiber: may reduce serum cholesterol by binding to bile acids in the gut, may improve
glycemic control
Antioxidants (vitamin C, E, beta-carotene, selenium): may prevent oxidation of LDL
Phytochemicals: antioxidant properties, epigenetic mechanisms
Vitamin D
Magnesium
B-vitamins
Describe two reasons why it is difficult to establish convincing evidence for diet-cancer
relationships. In other words, why is it difficult to do research on aspects of diet that may be
related to cancer?
Multiple factors may contribute to disease risk
Possible confounding factors in diet-disease relationships
Long latency period (time between exposure & disease appearance)
For prospective studies & RCT, need large sample size and long follow-up
Difficult to assess nutrient intake
