Midterm Questions Flashcards

Question

Psychodynamic Id (unconscious process)

Answer 1

The original source of all drive energy seeks only to release excitation or tension Non-moral not aware of reality "I wish I could go out tonight but this essay...."

Answer 2

The Internal representation of moral rules of the external social world Controls behavior and the id by rewarding good behavior and pushing bad behavior Super ego seeks perfection (all or none) "No, you have to work on it tonight or you'll do really bad on it (Guilt) "

Answer 3

Seeks to express and satisfy the id in accordance with a) opportunity and constraints (eg reality) b) The superego "ok, ill work on it first, then go out with friends on the weekend"

Answer 4

Freuds Theory; Motivation is biological and in the form of drives A drive is a source of energy that can motivate any of a variety of specific actions 2 Specifics: Life and death Instinct

Answer 5

“Eros” – sexual and ego drives; higher unity with oneself) Called the ‘sexual-ego’ drive Libido Libido motivates us to preservation and reproduction – as a motivator for higher unity

Answer 6

(“Thanatos” – death drive; opposite of higher unity – decomposition) More of a drive for calmness/homeostasis – the ultimate calm being death

Answer 7

The anxiety is thought to be so distressing that we mentally defend against it entering consciousness We develop ways to distort reality and exclude feelings from awareness that we reduce anxiety These are called defence mechanisms

Answer 8

DENIAL Refusing to admit something unpleasant happened Most can agree that denial isn't helpful

Answer 9

PROJECTION Unacceptable, internal negative qualities about ourselves that we project onto other people

Answer 10

REPRESSION The major psychoanalytic defence Force thoughts memories and cognitions deep into the unconsciousness

Answer 11

These events at certain stages shape our future personalities

Answer 12

Early Oral stage development, Sucking, feeding, putting things in mouth (internalizing)

Answer 13

Late oral stage development, teeth, biting Externalizing-aggression hostility (yelling, biting)

Answer 14

The resolution of the oedipal and electra complexes occur through the child identifying with the parent of the same sex

Answer 15

1) Primary process; Thinking is unconscious, illogical, irrational, parallels the id 2) Secondary Process; Thinking is conscious, Develops after the primary process, it parallels the development of the Ego (the self)

Answer 16

Experiential thinking (similar to Primary) Emotional (Limbic system; deep: empathetic, intuitive, holistic, parasympathetic, Similar to id Rational Thinking: Similar to Secondary Abstract, analytic and logical, similar to ego and super ego

Answer 17

Pros Gathered tremendous wealth of information Prolifically wrote on the evidence collected Really ‘thought’ about the subject Self Analysis Introspection Tried to limit his own biases and preconceptions Deep analytical thinker = philosophy + psychology + biology Cons Freud did no experiments in the lab (e.g. Experimental research) Used no standard psychological tests (e.g. Correlational research) Only used the Case Study method of evidence However, very little psychological testing at that time – psych. not a ‘natural science’ Empirical evidence, woefully incomplete

Answer 18

Through Free Association Atmosphere of Non-Judgemental curiosity and acceptance

Answer 19

The two Most common: The Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test TAT

Answer 20

Inkblots on folded paper to make symmetrical patterns of ambiguous shapes Used to determine which ones discriminated between psychiatric patients the best

Answer 21

client is asked to respond in some way to an ambiguous object (interpretation)

Answer 22

1 Structure: Interpretation that matches the structure 2 Content: The nature of the interpretation (animate object vs inanimate Symbolisms 3 Process: How the patient client performs the task (Demeanour/attitude) Avoidance of task Over-dependence on therapist/instructions

Answer 23

1. The complex organization of personality function: Assessors can observe complex patterns of thinking 2. Our unconscious and defence mechanisms (The tests are thought to evade our defense mechanisms. The clinically interpreted meaning of their responses are hidden from the subject (Don't know right or wrong) 3. A holistic understanding of personality: Overall style of responding is indicative of a person's personality

Answer 24

The assumption is that people will project their own personalities into the scene (How the person responds generally is important) The common THEME of responding across stimuli indicates unconscious thoughts

Answer 25

Research has shown TATs can reveal implicit motives when related to achievement motivation However, Most subject "themes" were not related to outcomes of interest

Answer 26

Inter-rater reliability originally very poor better with RPAS BIAS- Clinician Interpretation may reflect their own thoughts and feelings

Answer 27

Rorschach Performance Assessment System

Answer 28

Very little. Freud did not use Projective tests

Answer 29

Fixations: if Child receives little gratification in stage can't move on Under Stress/Anxiety these people may regress to an early stage of fixation

Answer 30

Oral 0-1 Years: taking things in to oneself, Seeking gratification from eating, smoking, drinking Anal 1-3 Years: Withholding or excreting (develop power, Toilet training Anal retentive: Neat, orderly, retaining/hoarding Anal Expulsive : Exhibiting cruelty, poor emotional regulation, disorganization, rebelliousness and general carelessness Phallic (3-6 years): Males over-identification with father (toxic Masculinity, sexist Females: Over identification with Mother (Hysterical personality -Seductive, Naive, manipulative

Answer 31

We need insight into the unconscious so we can address it Free Association and Dream analysis and transference: (patient develops attitudes towards the analyst which reveal their actual attitudes towards their significant others

Answer 32

Through transference patient can play out full blown situations of conflict (In safe environment) However, not uncommon for a patient to then "transfer' Feelings to their therapist

Answer 33

When the patient realizes on an emotional and intellectual level the nature of their conflicts, but how? -Safe environment Context Functioning

Answer 34

People who feel inferior, inadequate, insecure will compensate for this

Answer 35

Puts more importance on early childhood than other stages in life "we strive to develop" as a compensatory mechanism Also interested in Birth order as indicator of psychological development

Answer 36

Viewed the WHOLE psyche (individuation) as the cohesion of unconscious and conscious Also believed that peoples behavior could be FUTURE FACING; the past is not everything The unconscious is a storehouse of experiences and thoughts (Personal unconscious) but also a collective unconscious - Consisting of ARCHETYPES, developed over human history

Answer 37

1) The EGO or The SELF, the conscious mind. 2) The Personal Unconscious; contains our memories including those that have been suppressed 3) The Collective unconscious; Universal, not personal. Result of our common ancestry. Contains Universal images or symbols called archetypes (we know these intuitively)

Answer 38

Archetypes symbolize basic Human motivations, Values and Personalities (Archetypes cannot be observed directly but can be inferred by looking at religion, dreams, art, and literature)

Answer 39

PERSONA SHADOW ANIMA AND ANIMUS SELF

Answer 40

Jung believed we struggled with many opposing forces within us, most notably: Persona vs. Self (or personal/private self) The persona (an archetype) is how we present ourselves to the world Like a “mask” that we present to others while the “Self” is our “true Self” We need them both, but if the persona takes over, we may lose ourselves and be filled with a loss of identity and self-doubt authenticity

Answer 41

The Shadow exists as part of the unconscious mind and is composed of suppressed ideas, weaknesses, desires, instincts, and shortcomings The shadow forms out of our attempts to adapt to cultural norms and expectations e.g., failures & antithetical super-ego? It contains all the things that are unacceptable not only to society, but more importantly to one's own personal morals and values e.g., envy, greed, jealousy, shame, prejudice, hate, aggression, etc. people tend to deny this element of their own psyche and (instead) project it on to others

Answer 42

The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche The animus is a male image in the female psyche These archetypal images are found in the collective and personal unconscious The collective unconscious may contain notions about how women should behave while personal experience with wives, girlfriends, sisters, and mothers contribute to more personal images of women, and vice versa for males However, in many cultures, men and women are encouraged to adopt traditional and often rigid gender roles Jung suggested that this discouragement of men exploring their feminine aspects and women exploring their masculine aspects serves to undermine psychological development Jung believed these were opposing forces and a synergy of acceptance of both our masculine and feminine sides, which he called Syzygy, is vital for well-being The syzygy represents completion, unification, and wholeness

Answer 43

Jung believed these were opposing forces and a synergy of acceptance of both our masculine and feminine sides, which he called Syzygy, is vital for well-being The syzygy represents completion, unification, and wholeness

Answer 44

The Self is an archetype that represents the unified unconsciousness and consciousness of an individual The Self is center of all our psychological systems Creating the Self occurs through a process known as individuation, in which the opposing forces of the psyche are integrated to achieve a sense of a cohesive Self This is similar in many ways to Maslow's concept of self-actualization Jung believed that disharmony between the unconscious and the conscious mind could lead to psychological problems Bringing these conflicts into awareness and accommodating them in conscious awareness was an important part of the individuation process

Answer 45

Based on interpersonal experiences of the past, present and future Early experiences create various mental images/ideas of relationships with others Especially prominent is the persons relationship with their mother These are like a residue that will shape future perceptions of an individual’s relationships

Answer 46

The impact from early experiences Shapes one's self, not specifically relationships Poor relationships with others is thought to be a failure to develop ones true self (Lack of Identity) (You have adopted others beliefs, values, attitudes) Self has become "seeking external validation" can lead to jealousy or envy of others living your true ideals Clinical focus is on current poor self-Identity

Answer 47

John Bowlby – Attachment Theory Attachment Behavioural System (ABS) Innate system that we all have Motivates infant to be close to parents / caregiver (i.e., in proximity) Infant, as it develops, begins to explore its surroundings on short excursions (a metre or two) using the parent as a “secure base” and “if…then…” control-theory evaluations

Answer 48

"Strange situation" was an objective measure of attachment in children Featured SEPERATION and the REUNION

Answer 49

Secure (Distressed when separated) (Happy reunited) Insecure Avoidant (Little protest when separated) (avoidant reunited) Insecure Anxious Resistant (Some protest separated) (Ambivalent mixed emotions on reunion) (Can't regulate)

Answer 50

Contemporary Attachment Theory Bartholomew Suggests attachment style is dimensional not typological

Answer 51

Internal model of SELF Internal model of OTHERS

Answer 52

Dream Analysis, Free Association, defence Mechanisms, Entropy, early childhood explanation's of Adult Psychopathology and Transference/projection

Answer 53

Absolutely not

Answer 54

There is LIMITED EVIDENCE

Answer 55

The Therapeutic Alliance is the major indicator of therapeutic Success

Answer 56

Emotional and motivational unconscious processes Defence Mechanisms Stages of Childhood dev Transference (in Therapy) Complexity of Human behaviour incorporated into Theory

Answer 57

Substantial parts of the theory generally lack empirical support , However empirical testing is difficult Person as an energy system, controlled by instinct (Fatalist) EVen devote followers could not agree on most aspects

Answer 58

Neo-Freudians: Jung, Adler, Bowlby, Ainsworth and others Psychological development is through social learning and the integration of various aspects of the psyche – not a wrestling match between them We learn principles of behaviour, socialization through parents, caregivers, etc. We strive to develop (compensate for our shortcomings) To live our lives as our True Self

Answer 59

Freud: biologist of the mind Excessive development of the superego is at the expense of the ‘authentic life’ Socialization: through compromise and concession We end up with not the real entity, not the authentic self

Answer 60

Freud: Controlled by unconscious forces – primarily sexual/aggressive Personality is determined, and fixed, by experiences in early life (Deterministic) Our adult experiences are repetitions of unresolved early (childhood) conflicts

Answer 61

Emphasises conscious perceptions of the present – e.g., Heidegger's “being” Subjectivity of experience - phenomenology Humanistic – free will/choice, emphasizes: Personal worth of the individual (self-worth) Centrality of human values, and the creative, active nature of human beings Optimistic view focusing on the noble human capacity to overcome hardship, pain and despair – e.g., strident and resilient in the face of “suffering” (existential) “conscience” as the Self (similar to Freud’s Ego bartering between superego and id) Conscience: an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior.

Answer 62

Entering the Private Perceptual World of another and Becoming thoroughly at home in it Not making judgements Being Sensitive Communicating Being confident in helping them experience fully their own sensing

Answer 63

The core of our nature and motivation is essentially positive and towards growth -When people are moving freely they are able to move towards being positive beings

Answer 64

The reality we each observe is unique Phenomenological- how the conscious person experiences the world Our perceptions of the world are subjective and individualistic Real outer world of Objects (matter) Subjective inner world of Narrative/Meaning

Answer 65

Not feeling AUTHENTIC

Answer 66

Authenticity: The ideal self and the actual self are Aligned

Answer 67

The SELF It is what attaches meaning to the phenomenological field

Answer 68

An Organized and consistent pattern of perception It remains relatively Stable across time and situations Its primary Conscious Our understanding of our actual and Ideal Self

Answer 69

Sommum Bonnum - Live your Virtue (excellence) Amor Fati (Love Fate) -impermanence of consciousness Premeditatio Malorum- Reduce Expectations Obstacle is the way- Show you the path to excellence Ego is the Enemy Interconnectedness - "the common good" Momento Mori- Live Everyday to its fullest

Answer 70

A person's Self Concept can be Genuine (truthful/authentic) and/or Distorted (e.g A persona) Distorted Self concept can lead to Psychopathology (break from reality) delusional

Answer 71

Q-sort (Trait word cards) sorted most to least like me, used as a flexible measure to investigate the difference between the actual and ideal self Semantic Differential: Rate concepts on polar adjective (yes/no) scales and traits

Answer 72

Self Actualization; A forward tendency towards personal growth

Answer 73

Open to Experience Existential Living Trust your decisions Creativity Fulfilled Life

Answer 74

Feeling of continued development Sense of realizing your potential Open to New experiences Greater self Knowledge, reflectiveness and effectiveness

Answer 75

We seek to maintain consistency and congruence between our individual perceptions of the self and experiences

Answer 76

Subception: Removal of incongruent experiences from consciousness before we are "aware" of them We either DENY or DISTORT

Answer 77

Change meaning of experience Remove From consciousness (I didn't do it"

Answer 78

Subjects slower to perceive words that were personally threatening to them Better recall for stimuli that matched a person's self-image "like me" People with low self-esteem more likely to cheat People with low self esteem will maintain low self concept and negative mood

Answer 79

Self-actualization

Answer 80

Parent-child Interactions Internal Psychological structures; Assimilate incongruences into self-concept or Distort incongruences to retain consistent self-concept but no personal growth

Answer 81

Will only Lead to More Suffering

Midterm Questions Flashcards

(106 cards)