Midterm Reveiw Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Moving from particular to general is
A
Inductive reasoning
2
Q
Moving from general to particular is
A
Being involved in deductive reasoning
3
Q
What do you need to have a correctly stated hypothesis?
A
Causality AND casual direction
4
Q
Which of the following defines causality ?
A
The statement that indicates one factor and has a impact on the other
5
Q
Medical cannabis causality
A
Impacted by Age -> impacts
6
Q
Causal direction
A
The statement that indicates the way in which one factor impacts the other factor
7
Q
Levels of specificity, which is the most abstract leave
A
Theory
8
Q
Levels of specificity which is the most Specific level ?
A
Operationalization
9
Q
Hypothesis level occurs during ..
A
The conceptualization stage
10
Q
Minimal risk definition
A
The research subject will face no greater harm than in normal life
11
Q
Informed convent definition
A
Voluntary convent given only after full info is provided
12
Q
Confidentiality and anonymity definition
A
Promise of secrecy and systematic gaurentee
13
Q
Voluntary convent that is given only after the full description of info is given
A
Informed concent
14
Q
Promise of secrecy
A
Confidentiality and anonymity
15
Q
No greater than risk than in normal life
A
Minimal risk
16
Q
Anonymity is
A
A systematic guarantee, nobody can find them once we create the data set
17
Q
Define deception
A
Unethical unless research requires deception
18
Q
What is unethical unless research requires it
A
Deception
19
Q
Harm definition
A
Awareness of potential and steps taken to mitigate
20
Q
Voluntary participation
A
Full info required and no coercion
21
Q
Access to results
A
Participants are entitled to access results
22
Q
Milgrams shocking study
A
Had potential to cause harm - great psychological stress or pain to the research subjects
23
Q
Humphreys research was
A
An invasion of privacy, in conducting a presentation observation study without consent (invasion of privacy)
24
Q
Ethical status of STS 2270
A
Full disclosure, minimal risks
25
Which of the following best describes anonymity?
That guarantee that researcher nor others that read about the research can identify the subject
26
Informed consent
Participation is brought upon, based on the full understanding of the risks involved
27
Which of the following best describes voluntary participation
Participants must be informed fully about the research and there can be no courosion
28
Which best describes confidentiality
Itâs a promise that the researcher will not identify any research subject even though they could if they wanted too and where unethical
29
Harm principle
That the researcher mustâve aware of any potential harm and possible risks for patients and built in processors dealing with those rare circumstances
30
Purposes of research- describing
Tells us how much of the phenomenon exists, or where it exists
31
Purposes of research- explanation
The most developed purpose of research,
It answers the question of what something exists
32
Ideographic explanations are used..
To explain virtually everything or to know the full story
33
Ideographic explanations are appropriate for
Historical studies, criminal justice process
34
Nomothetic explanations
Provide a partial explanation
35
Nomothetic explanations are appropriate for
Probabilistic social science
36
Probabilistic social science is particularly..
Nomothetic causation
37
Probabilistic social science
Actual and observed associations
38
Criterial for correlation and causation
There must be a actual observed relationship
39
The criteria for time order of causation
The cause must proceed the effect
40
NON Spuriousness
An observed empirical correlation between two variables can NOT be explained by another variable
41
Someone is responsible for something when there is no possible way they even had the authority or the ability to be responsible or it because they werenât in the position to be responsible at that time, IS:
Time order of causation
42
Direct positive study of marijuana showed
Correlation of higher GPAs
43
Ecological fallacy
Exists when one assumes that because one knows something about a group that one knows something similar about individuals or vice versa
44
A necessary cause is
Required for the result to happen
| Ex if you donât write your exam you will not pass
45
Sufficient cause
If it is present it guarantees the result
46
At which stage do be engage in survey research
Choice of methods
47
At which stage do we test our hypothesis?
Conceptualization
48
When we decide to look for a representative group
Population and sampling
49
When we engage in data collection
Observation
50
When we test our hypothesis
Analysis
51
Phenomenon is discussed at the ________ stage
Theory
52
We chose our specific variables at
Operationalization stage
53
At which stage do we define our purpose of the study including conducting a literature review
Theory
54
When do we determine for which people the material is appropriate?
Population and sample stage
55
Hypothesize the relationship and we define our variable
Conceptualization
56
Ethics there is that we donât bury results that we donât like
Data analysis stage
57
Nominal variable is a
NON quantitative measure , gives a name for a case according to a class. (Ex sex is male or female. Not more or less of something)
58
Ordinal
Is a measure that allows us to rank observations according to some order
59
Interval
Based on common and known units that allow us to measure precisely how much more or less
60
Ratio
Essentially interval but has a fixed 0 point
61
What is achieved by interval level variables ?
With interval level variables we can group cases into categories where a order is evident the precise difference between the amount of the order is known but there is no true zero point
62
What is achieved with Nominal variables?
Group cases together into categories but there is no order applied
63
Nominal examples
Sex, religious denomination, area in a city ...
64
Ordinal examples
Likert, likert-like, strongly agree - strongly disagree
65
Interval examples
Temperatures, IQ scores
66
Ratio examples
Year born, income, age
| -Fixed zero point-
67
Reliability
Being able to use the techniques over and over again , seeing the same results
68
Validity
Specificity concern with our measures that is the extent which some empirical measure adequately reflex the meaning of the concept under consideration
Ex. employment rates
69
Population
Group being studied
70
Sample
Subgroup behind studied
71
Parameters
Characteristics of populations and of samples
72
sampling error
Confidence interval- the probability that a parameter falls within stated sampling error measure (+ some percentage point)
73
Confidence levels
Likelihood of sampling error (19 times out of 20 or 95% of the time)
74
Some of the best samples you can get are
Simple Random Sample allowed everyone equal opportunity at participation
75
Polls gone wrong : literary digest US president election poll 1936 LANDON
Large sample size but sample not representative
76
GALLUPS prediction of dewy victory over Truman 1948
Quota sampling with outdated quotas and stopped data collection too early
77
Quota sampling failed to account for the shift of poor rule voters out of the south in particular but within the industrial cities during and after the World War Two and they stopped collecting data two weeks early
Gallupâs prediction
78
Be if itâs of open questions benefit
Letâs the respondents provide Unrestricted answers
usually used for qualitative studies
79
Benefits of closed questions
They have restricted answers which makes them more cost effective and easier to administer
80
Extremely beneficial to data collection and analysis (open or closed questions)
Closed
81
Question air design ____ answers are best
Short
82
_____ topic at a time
One
83
Pretests
To make sure all of our fraising is correct and we have valid questions so we can correct for any bias we have introduced
84
Example of participant observation
Humphreys - incognito- going undercover to observe the research subjects without them knowing
85
Experimental
Two groups , only one gets stimulus , other is a controlled group
86
Quasi experimental
Two groups , neither get different stimulus - observe organic differences
87
Francis Bacon
Is responsible for developing the scientific method upon the social science and positivism based research
88
Comte
Said sight is developed from a theological staged - a metaphysical stage - to a scientific stage
89
Comte
3 stages of scientific inquiry
90
Bacon
Development of positivism
91
No spirits, No god, No aliens, other worldly explanations
All behaviour is Naturally Determined
92
We seek natural explanations and causes of behaviour
All behaviour is naturally determined
93
Use same method onto study humans as all other natural phenomenon
Humans are part of the natural world
94
Scientific method is dependent on this.. particularly, replicability
Nature is orderly and regular
95
... if we continue applying method
All objective phenomena are eventually knowable
96
Must have evidence, without evidence we never assume to know
Nothing is self evident
97
Value neutral - objective not normative - record all data as observed
Truth is relative
98
Lockes Tabula Rasa
Knowledge comes from experience
99
Sum total of scientific inquiry- sum total of human experience
Knowledge comes from experience
100
Which of the following is accurate concerning scientific public opinion surveys?
To be considered scientific researchers must interview a randomly selected subset of the larger group they want to know things about
101
Which of the following best describes a population?
A group of people being studied or explained
102
Which of the following best describes a sample ?
A subgroup of some larger group of people where the subgroup is actually studied observed or interviewed
103
Which of the following are potential uses of scientific public opinion research?
Analyzing elections, analyzing customer satisfaction, marketing, academic research (all of the above)
104
Which of the following is correct concerning randomness in scientific public opinion polling?
Everyone in the population must have an equal opportunity to participate
105
Which of the following best defines margin of error?
An expression of how representative (accurate) a survey is
106
Which of the following are considered scientific public opinion polls?
Random sample public opinion polls
107
What is the sample size used in the city of Lethbridge 2014 satisfaction survey?
400
108
What is the margin of error in the city of Lethbridge 2014 satisfaction survey?
+-4.9 percent points, 19 times out of 20
109
What is the sample size for 2012 CSRL Alberta opinion study?
1067
110
What is the margin of error for the 2012 CSRL Alberta opinion study?
+-3.0 percent points , 19 times out of 20
111
Which of the following is a disadvantage of mail out questionnaires
They tend to have low response rates
