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Communication Research Methods > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

1
Q

two streams in the academic study of communication in Canada

A

speech communication and

media studies

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2
Q

Theory

A

a set of interrelated ideas and arguments that offer a general insight into some aspect of the world

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3
Q

Formal logic theories

A

made up of axioms and propositions

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4
Q

Axiom

A

statements about the relationship between two or more concepts that have been demonstrated in previous research

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5
Q

propositions

A

Predictions about what relationships are likely between two or more concepts given what we already know

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6
Q

Uncertainty reduction theory

A

a communication theory that looks into interpersonal communications and is used to show how interpersonal relationships develop and deteriorate

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7
Q

Uses and gratification theory

A

used to explain and predict how the general public engages with the mass media

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8
Q

Metaphoric theories

A

One idea or story rather than axioms and propositions

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9
Q

Messages

A

Any form of text which we convey meaning

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10
Q

Knowing by tenacity

A

taken as true because commonly held to be true

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11
Q

Knowing by authority

A

taken as true because someone we regard as an expert says it is true

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12
Q

Knowing on a priori grounds

A

intuitively true, based on reasonableness, not experience

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13
Q

The scientific method

A

tested through observation and experience; empirical methods of research

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14
Q

Claim

A

The central assertion of an argument

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15
Q

Data

A

Evidence that supports a claim

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16
Q

Warrant

A

The standard the research applies to assess the merits

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17
Q

Rules

A

informal but recognized guidelines

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18
Q

Principles

A

formal guidelines, statutes and, government regulations

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19
Q

Laws

A

immutable, physical laws of nature

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20
Q

Formulas

A

descriptions and mathematical principles

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21
Q

The claim-data-warrant model

A

a useful way to distinguish ordinary ways of knowing from the reasoning we use to conduct research.

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22
Q

A good argument includes all three elements

A

claims, data, and warrants

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23
Q

Professional associations

A

A voluntary organization that connects scholars with shared interests and disseminated research in their common field

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24
Q

Trade journals

A

Publications aimed at practitioners in a particular line of work

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25
Popular press
Target the general public by focusing on their readers’ common interests more than their training or education
26
Executive summary
A brief summary overview of a study’s purpose, methods, and findings; used for trade audiences
27
Research report
Written summary of a research project that includes some form of data collected by the author especially for that project
28
Critical essays
A research project based primarily on textual data, with the reasoning given in support of a claim
29
Social critics
Utilitarian ethics: balancing the potential benefits and harms of scientific research
30
Nuremberg Code
A general international consensus developed around ‘permissible medical experiments
31
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
United Nations commission established three principles for ethical research: beneficence, respect for the autonomy of persons, and justice
32
Institutional review boards
Groups responsible for establishing and implementing formal research codes of conduct
33
Principles of informed consent
Research participants must understand the potential risk associated with their participation and have the choice to opt-out
34
Tri-Council Policy Statement
A common Canadian code for all research disciplines
35
Research ethics board (REB)
Ensures compliance of codes and conduct developed and expressed by the TCPS
36
Minimal risk
if the probability and magnitude of possible harms implied by participation in the research is no greater than those encountered by participants in those aspects of their everyday life that relate to the research
37
Delegated review
for studies deemed to pose a minimal risk; can be approved by a single member of REB
38
Distributive justice
if any social group is unlikely to benefit from the research, its members should not be subjected to the risks of participation
39
Procedural justice
Everyone has the opportunity to participate equally, even though some may benefit more than others
40
Corrective justice
Those who have benefitted least or been harmed in the past should benefit most from present decisions
41
Informed consent
any potential risks and benefits of the research is communicated to potential study participants in a language they can understand
42
Status differentials
when one party to an agreement is of a higher status than the other, the differences in status can foster potential abuses of power
43
Anonymity
neither the researcher nor anyone who sees the research data and final report, will learn the names or other identifying information of participants
44
Confidentiality
the researcher is the only person who knows the identities of participants and ensures that the participants’ responses can never be connected to the individually
45
Debriefing
telling participants the full truth after omitting or falsifying information in a study and giving them a chance to withdraw their participation or data
46
Ethical communication
Includes a range of socially and culturally constructed ways of speaking, writing, and performing communication
47
Utilitarian ethics
Balancing the potential benefits and harms of scientific research
48
Institutional review boards
Working groups responsible for establishing and implementing formal research codes of conduct
49
Methodological ways of knowing
the belief that knowing is obtained through the process of discovery, or to know by the discovery
50
Knowing by discovery
knowledge of reality is testable through logical and empirical methods
51
Knowing by Interpretation
Each person’s individual perceptions and values affect how they see and understand the world
52
Knowing by Criticism
critical reflection on the dominant values in any given context
53
the philosophical bases of the discovery paradigm
The philosophical bases of the discovery paradigm support ways in which research can be conducted objectively and with clear logic
54
Empiricism
Assumes the way to grasp objective reality is by observing and explaining sensory information
55
Rationalism
Insists that the mind can conceive a clear logic in objective reality
56
Behaviourism
Seeks to discover causal links between external factors and an individual’s responses
57
Logical positivism
the only meaningful philosophical problems are those which can be solved by logical analysis
58
Postpositivsm
Human thought may be fallible, but human reason can still aspire to map and understand objective reality
59
Falsification
Prompts individuals to believe our claims are false until we can prove they are true
60
Naturalism
Prompts individuals to study ‘natural’ settings for social interaction and culture
61
Realism
Prompts individuals to distinguish between objective reality and our perceptions of reality
62
Modernism
Elevated science to the pursuit of a shared objective truth
63
Structuralism
Identifies the discoverable reality as the patterns or relationships between objects, events, or people rather than the truthfulness of the objects themselves
64
Philosophical bases of the interpretive paradigms
The bases of these philosophical approaches are aimed at examining how interpretation and meaning are processes of cultural and historical perspectives
65
Hermeneutics
the ‘study of interpretive understanding or meaning’
66
Phenomenologists
Believe that interpretation of experience is only possible by understanding the perspective of the participants whose experience you wish to study
67
Symbolic interactionism
Originally grounded in the discovery paradigm, the approach changed to understand how people construct and interpret the meaning of their experiences. Became increasingly interpretive due to being centered in the interaction each individual has with other people
68
Constructivism
Rooted in the belief that there are multiple realities that are socially constructed
69
Philosophical bases of the critical paradigms
The bases of the critical paradigms aim to examine and identify the historical and cultural ways in which power relations shape interpretive views of reality
70
Critical theory
the idea that thought can transform itself through a process of reflection in history
71
Semiotics
The study of signs and their social significance
72
Poststructuralism
Argues that the search for a foundational structure of language and society be abandoned
73
Deconstruction
Meaning is not located in discourse itself but in the meaning perceived by each of its individual users
74
Postmodernism
All knowledge is discursively formed and there is no objective reality or organizing structure outside of language
75
Postcolonialism
Contends that the Western countries of the ‘first world’ oppress peoples of the ‘third world’ through their conceptions and representation of Third World countries

Communication Research Methods (1 decks)

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