Midterm Review

Question 1

Measurement validity includes:

Answer 1

Face Validity
Content Validity
Criterion Validity
convergent validity
Discriminant validty

Question 2

Face validity

Answer 2

Does it appear on the surface that you are measuring what you are supposed to?

Question 3

Content validity

Answer 3

Are you measuring every aspect of the construct?

Question 4

Criterion validity

Answer 4

Does the measure correlate to the behavioral outcome?

Question 5

Convergent Validity

Answer 5

is the measure of a construct similar to other measures of the same construct?

Question 6

Discriminant validity

Answer 6

Is your measure different from other measures that are not measuring your construct? They should be

Question 7

Coding Scheme

Answer 7

Classifying behavior into pre-defined categories

Question 8

Observer Bias

Answer 8

Skew ratings towards own hypothesis

Question 9

Observer expectancy effects

Answer 9

When the observer impacts participant behavior

Question 10

Participant reactivity

Answer 10

Participant is aware that they are being observed and modifies behavior accordingly

Question 11

Fence sitting

Answer 11

When a participant is neutral for all the questions in a survey

Question 12

Acquiescence

Answer 12

When a participant agrees to all the statements or says yes to all the questions

Question 13

random Probability sampling includes:

Answer 13

Simple random Sampling
Stratified random sampling
Cluster sampling

Question 14

Simple random sampling

Answer 14

Pulling out of a hat -
Systematic sampling -> random number generator

Question 15

Stratified random Sampling

Answer 15

some of everything
Oversampling - compensation for comparison

Question 16

Cluster sampling

Answer 16

Randomly sampling whole groups
Multistage sampling -> two random processes

Question 17

Nonprobability sampling ( biased sampling)

Answer 17

convenience sampling
Quota Sampling
Purposive sampling
Snowball Sampling

Question 18

Convenience sampling

Answer 18

Right in your backyard

Question 19

Quota Sampling

Answer 19

Filing requirements
Can think of this as stratified non random sampling

Question 20

Purposive Sampling

Answer 20

Deliberate recruitment -> need a specialist to pick out appropriate participants

Question 21

Snowball sampling

Answer 21

2 tell two friends and it snowballs from them

Question 22

Three criteria for establishing causality

Answer 22

Covariation
Temporal Precendence
Internal Validity

Question 23

Covariation

Answer 23

variables are related to each other in a systematic way.
necessary for testing association and causal claims
can be captured in correlations and in regression analysis

Question 24

Temporal Precedence

Answer 24

One variable must undergo change before the othr.
Presumed cause should occur earlier in time than the effect
Longitudinal studies establish this

Question 25

Internal Validity

Answer 25

No viable alternative explanation for changes in outcome. W/ solid controls CAN ONLY BE SATISFIED BY A TRUE EXPERIMENTS

Question 26

Longitudinal studies

Answer 26

Use the passage of time to establish temporal precedence measures multiple variables at multiple points in time

Question 27

Cross sectional correlations

Answer 27

Between 2 different variables at the same point in time

Question 28

AutoCorrelations

Answer 28

Between the same variable at 2 different time points

Question 29

Cross lag correlations

Answer 29

between 1 variable earlier and another variable later.

Question 30

Multiple regression Analysis

Answer 30

Analytical approaches that simultaneously test the strength and direction of the relationship between multiple predictors and a single outcome variable

Question 31

Moderation

Answer 31

Occurs when the relationship between 2 variables differe depending on the level of the moderating variable

Question 32

Conditional association

Answer 32

When a relationship occurs only when another variable is at a particular level

Question 33

Mediation

Answer 33

Occurs when the relationship between 2 variables may be better explained bc the predictor is associated with the mediating variable which in turn is associated with the outcome.

Question 34

Availability Heuristics

Answer 34

thing that pop up easily in our minds tend to guide our thinking

Question 35

Present bias

Answer 35

When testing relationships we often fail to look for comparisons that are not immediately present

Question 36

Confirmation bias

Answer 36

We seek out evidence that supports our beliefs

Question 37

Bias Blind spot

Answer 37

When we read about bias people have we rarely believe that those bias apply to us

Question 38

Representative heuristics

Answer 38

using a prototype as a sign of frequency

Question 39

Better than average

Answer 39

When more than half of a group believe they are above average