Midterm Review

Question 1

Define pharmacology.

Question 2

Define pharmagenomics

Question 3

Define pharmacogenetics.

Question 4

Define toxicology.

Question 5

Define adverse reaction.

Question 6

Define adverse effects.

Refer to Lecture 7

Question 7

Define allergic reacton.

Question 8

Define idiosyncratic reaction.

Question 9

Define drug interactions.

Question 10

Define tolerance.

Question 11

Define cumulative effect.

Question 12

Define pharmacokinetics.

Question 13

Define pharmacodynamics.

Question 14

What is antagonism?

Question 15

What is agonism?

Question 16

What is synergism?

Question 17

What is potentiation?

Question 18

What is additivity?

Question 19

What is the difference between antagonism and agonism?

Question 20

On a graph, how does synergism, potentiation, and addivity differ?

Question 21

What is a drug?

Question 22

What is medication?

Question 23

How do drug and medication differ from each other?

Question 24

What are excipients?

Question 25

What are examples of excipients?

Question 26

What is the route of administration for drugs?

Question 27

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the sublingual route of administration? | Lecture 2

Answer 27

**Advantage** * Avoid first pass effect * rapid absorption * drug stability * can be administered for local effect **Disadvantages** * small dose limit * inconvenience for some patients | From the table in Lecture 2

Question 28

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the oral route of administration? | Lecture 2

Answer 28

**Advantage** * convenient (portable, easy, painless) * economical to patients (non-sterile, compact) * variety (tablets, capsules, liquid, fast, slow release) * high dose possible * high surface of absorption * good permeability of GI barrier **Disadvantages** * may be inefficient (high dose, low solubility) * first pass effect (concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before reaching the systemic circulation) * food interacton * local effect (GI flora) * not suitable for unconscious patients

Question 29

What are the advantages and disadvantages of inhalation as a route of administration?

Answer 29

**Advantage** * bypasses liver * large surface of absorption **Disadvantages** * difficulties in regulating the exact amount of dosage * difficulties administering the drug via inhaler

Question 30

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the rectal route of administration?

Answer 30

**Advantage** * bypasses liver * useful for children or older people * drug released at slow steady state **Disadvantages** * unpredictable absorption * not well accepted by patients

Question 31

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the intravenous route of administration?

Answer 31

**Advantage** * direct access to blood central compartment * bypasses the digestive system * does not harm the lungs or mucous membranes * rapid onset of action **Disadvantages** * increased risk of infection and overdose * risk of the peripheral vein or arterial damage * limited to highly soluble drugs * fear * trained personal is needed * sustained/controlled action not possible

Question 32

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the intramuscular route of administration?

Answer 32

**Advantage** * depot or sustained effect is possible **Disadvantages** * unpredictable or incomplete absorption * trained personnel is needed

Question 33

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the subcutaneous route of administration?

Answer 33

**Advantage** * can be self-administered * slow but generally complete absorption **Disadvantages** * painful * tissue damage from irritant drugs * max. 2 mL injection

Question 34

What was the issue with sulfonamide formulation of 1937?

Answer 34

Sulfonamide was a liquified version of a common antibiotic, sweetened with diethylene glycol (a popular anti-freeze, a fluid used to wash engines, that was also poisonous). As a result, it killed over 100 people taking the medication. After this incident, it became a priority to show that any medicine was safe before actually marketing it. | A catalyst for the FDA cosmetic Act of 1938 requiring truthful labeling.

Question 35

What was thalidomide intended for?

Question 36

What was the effect of taking thalidomide?

Question 37

What was te issue with thalidomide as a drug?

Question 38

What was the issue with the drug safety testing in the case of thalidomide?

Question 39

What was the improvement to drug testing and regulations that followed the thalidomide disaster?

Question 40

What does evergreening mean?

Question 41

What is an orphan disease?

Question 42

Is thalidomide still used today and for what purpose? | Lecture 3

Question 43

Which Kardashian meme and advertisement sparked controversy? And why? | Lecture 4

Question 44

What are natural health products?

Question 45

What does Health Canada monitor when it comes to NHP?

Question 46

Define pharmacokinetics.

Question 47

Define bioavailability.

Question 48

How do you calculate absolute bioavailability?

Question 49

How do you calculate relative bioavailability? | Lecture 4

Question 50

What are the different phases of pharmacokinetics?

Answer 50

1. Absorption 2. Distribution 3. Metabolism 4. Excretion

Question 51

Explain the pharmacokinetics phase: absorption.

Question 52

Explain the pharmacokinetics phase: distribution.

Question 53

Explain the pharmacokinetics phase: metabolism.

Question 54

Explain the pharmacokinetics phase: excretion.

Question 55

What are the different barriers that a drug has to cross to enter the body/tissue? | Explain how it can cross them

Question 56

How does pH effect drug absorption?

Question 57

How does the ionization state of a drug affect drug absorption?