midterm review Flashcards
(56 cards)
1
Q
biological anthropology/ human biology
& subfeilds
A
- relationship of modern/ancient population diversity to lived environments
- variation, evolution, adaptation, multi/interdisciplinary, holistic, biocultural approach
- subfields: medical anthropology (population health, disease & community partnerships) & forensic anthropology (working with emergency services to identify human remains)
2
Q
primatology
A
- morphology, behaviour and evolution of nonhuman primates
3
Q
the scientific revolution
A
changes in scientific thought do to advancements in:
- geography
- geology
- the cosmos
- human biology
- species diversity
4
Q
evolution/transmutation
A
change from one species to another
5
Q
natural selection
A
process where individuals with favourable variations survive and reproduce at higher rates than those with unfavourable variations
6
Q
Alfred Russel Wallace
A
- transmutation/ evolution of species under environmental influences
- environmental pressures on species forcing them to become adapted to local environment-
7
Q
Charles Darwin
A
- competition between individuals of same species to survive and reproduce
8
Q
8 key elements of natural selection
A
- species can produce offspring faster than food supplies can increase
- variation exists within all species
- in each generation, more individuals are produced than can survive
- traits are inherited and passed down
- environment determines if a trait is favourable
- individuals with favourable traits have a reproductive advantage
- favourable variations accumulate over a long time; later generations may become distinct from ancestral ones
- trait variation and geographic isolation can lead to a new species
9
Q
eukaryotic cells (and their 2 types)
A
- somatic cells: tissue cells (bones, muscles, red blood cells, nerve cells from brain)
- reproductive cells: gametes (oocytes and spermatocytes)
10
Q
DNA
A
- deoxyribonucleic acid
- double helix
- nucleotides: sugar, phosphate, base
- adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)
11
Q
chromosomes
A
- a structure composed of DNA found in the nucleus of the cell
- autosomes: not sex chromosomes
- sex chromosomes
- we have 23 paired (homologous) chromosomes: 22 autosomes, 1 pair of sex chromosomes
12
Q
2 functions of DNA
A
- replication: DNA is a “recipe book” that must be replicated before cells divide
- protein synthesis: how proteins are made, genetic codes
13
Q
mitosis
A
- replication of somatic cells into 2 daughter cells
14
Q
meiosis
A
- replication of reproductive cells (gametes) into 4 daughter cells
- rapidly increases genetic variation
- provides genetic diversity for natural selection
15
Q
protein synthesis
A
- important function of DNA
- creation of proteins from amino acids
- structure and function of the body
- 20 amino acids in humans
- involves RNA (ribonucleic acid) which has a different nucleotide (U)racil instead of (T)hymine
- transcription: mRNA
- translation: tRNA
16
Q
mutation
A
- alterations to gene or chromosome
- causes: chemical exposure, radiation, random
17
Q
Mendelian genetics
A
- discrete traits present/absent
- principle of segregation
- principle of dominance
- principle of independent assortment
- phenotype/genotype
18
Q
principle of segregation (mendelian genetics)
A
- every organism contains two forms (alleles) of a trait
- each gamete contains one of these alleles due to meiosis
- during fertilization, the next generation receives two alleles, one from each parent
19
Q
principle of dominance (mendelian genetics)
A
- there are 2 types of alleles: dominant and recessive
- dominant alleles will always mask recessive alleles
20
Q
principle of independent assortment (mendelian genetics)
A
- alleles for distinct traits are located in different places on the chromosome and are inherited independently
- genetic recombination randomizes which allele is present at a specific spot
21
Q
alleles
A
- alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.
22
Q
genotype
A
alleles present at a locus
23
Q
phenotype
A
alleles expressed physically
24
Q
types of traits
A
- monogenic: controlled by a single gene (mendelian)
- polygenic: controlled by many genes
- pleiotropic: one gene affecting multiple phenotypic traits
25
neo-darwinism
- mutation + natural selection
- updated theory to account for understanding of genetics
26
sexual selection: males vs females
- male: quantity
- female: quality
27
gene flow
- mating outside a community (exogamous)
- exchange of genes between populations
28
genetic drift
- mating within a community (endogamous)
- prevalence of high frequency alleles
- reduces genetic variation
29
founder effect
descendants of founding population will inherit alleles from founding members
30
genetic bottleneck
population decimation leading to random changes in allele frequencies
31
microevolution
- changes in allele frequency
- small scale evolutionary events that occur over a few generations, affecting the frequency of specific characteristics but not new species
32
macroevolution
- formation of a new species
- large scale evolutionary events leading to new species
33
anagenesis
- Darwinian gradualism/ phyletic evolution
- slow gradual change
- new species arise over time from adaptive changes is phenotype
34
cladogenesis
- branching evolution
- new speices arise from a splitting event
- stasis/ rapid change
35
homologous traits
- inheritance from a common ancestor
- shared ancestral traits
36
analogous traits
- idependent development
- homoplasy (traits in different taxa that are the same, but appear as a result of independent evolution)
37
convergent evolution
different animals appear similar, but are unrelated due to analogous traits
38
parallelism
animals with ancestral relatedness develop similar forms in similar environments when isolated reproductively
39
divergent evolution
animals with ancestral relatedness modify ancestral forms in response to environmental pressures
40
cladistics
- shared evolutionary history
- biological relatedness via field observation, morphology, and DNA
- derived traits
41
7 primate traits
- 5 digits on hands and feet
- opposable thumb
- nails
- tactile pads
- omnivorous teeth
- vision focused
- larger more complex brain
42
suborder: Strepsirhini
- lemuriforms
- madagascar, asia, africa
- ancestral traits: small, short gestation/maturation, nocturnal, can synthesize own vit C, focus on olfaction
- derived traits: tooth comb, grooming claw, 2:1:3:3 dental formula
43
suborder: Haplorhini
- tarsiidae/tarsiers
- derived traits: large immobile eyes, 180 head rotation, long foot bone, eats insects frogs and lizards, large brain and body, focus on vision, cannot synthesize vit C
- two parvorder: Platyrrhini (new world monkeys), Catarrhini (old world monkeys)
44
why are there New (Platyrrhhini) + Old (Catarrhini) World Monkeys?
- 40mil years ago, a group of Old World monkeys found their way to Mexico, Central, and South America (founder effect)
- sea monkey hypothesis
45
New World monkeys/ Platyrrhini
- Tropical forests of Mexico, Central + South America
- broad flat nose, outward facing nostrils
- dinural, arboreal
- range in body size
- less sexually dimorphic
- prehensile tail
- dental formula 2:1:3:3
46
Old World monkeys/ Catarrhini
- tropical forests of Asia + Africa
- narrow noses and downward-facing nostrils
- greater body size and sexual dimorphism
- tails NOT prehensile
- dental formula 2:1:2:3
47
behavioural ecology
- behaviour + environment + anatomy
- study of how primates adapt behaviourally to their environments
48
male vs female dominance heirarchies
- competition or matrilineal inheritance
- age, matrilineal inheritance, # of offspring
- ranks also affected by health and reproductive success
49
patriarchal dominance heirarchy
- least stable structure
- regular access to females
- high reproductive rates
- higher rates of infanticide
50
matriarchal dominance heirarchy
- most stable structure
- females select partners, little male competition
- higher rates of indiscriminate sex
- more surviving offspring
51
affiliative behaviours
- reinforce social bonds and peaceful relationships, promote group cohesion and stability
- physical contact
- grooming (stress relief, social bonds, curry favours, gain access to infants, form alliances)
- reconciliation (sex, submission, presenting)
52
reciprocal altruism
putting oneself at risk knowing others would do the same for you
53
polyandry
- one female with multiple males
- males help to look after offspring
protect female and offspring against predators
54
polygyny
- one male many females
- monkeys and apes
- multi-male with many females
55
female reproductive strategies
- choose males with desirable phenotypes and affiliate behaviours
- mate with multiple males to confuse paternity
- synchronize ovulation with other females
- timed reproduction so babies are born during high resource availability
56
male reproductive strategies
- maximise access to receptive females +/or number of copulations achieved (reproductive asymmetry)
- high rank increases access to females
- infanticide / sexual selection hypothesis
