Midterm Review Flashcards by Sara Huguez

The standard that gives ranges for Carbohydrate, Fat and Protein consumption is:

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)

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What are the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) designed for?

Prevent of disease for health individuals

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The standard that identifies potentially toxic levels of nutrients is:

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)

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The standard that estimates the nutrients needed to prevent disease in 97-98% of the population, heavily backed by research is:

Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA)

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Which of the following nutrients is typically under-consumed in the US diet?

Fiber

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Which of the following nutrients is typically over-consumed in the US diet?

Sodium

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For one day on a 2,000 Calorie diet, how much fruit should a person consume?

2 cups

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For one day on a 2,000 Calorie diet, how much vegetable should a person consume?

2 1/2 cups

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1 cup of cooked pasta is about the size of a:

Baseball

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3 ounces of meat is about the size of a:

Deck of Cards

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On the Nutrition Facts label, the listed nutrients are the amount in the product:

Per listed serving

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On the Nutrition Facts label, the percentage listed for Saturated Fat is the percent of the:

Daily value

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On the Ingredients List, the first ingredient listed is the most abundant by:

Weight

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The most reliable claims on packaging are ____________ Claims, like: “good source of Vitamin
A” or “low in cholesterol”

Nutrient

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The semi-reliable claims on packaging that reference a disease state are called ____________
Claims, for example: “Diets low in sodium may reduce the risk of high-blood pressure”

Health

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The least reliable claims on packaging are called ____________ Claims, and they often do not actually name a disease, but instead say things like “supports immunity”

Structure-Function

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These compounds literally mean “against oxygen” and can help protect again oxidative damage
to your body’s cells

Antioxidants

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This describes a live organism that, when consumed, can alter the bacterial colonies of the body
to be beneficial to the host.

Probiotic

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True or False: Research on soy products confirms that phytoestrogens may actually reduce the
risk of breast cancer for adult women in Asian countries.

True

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We start mechanical digestion in our mouth by:

Chewing

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The wavelike muscular squeezing of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine that pushes
their contents along is called _____.

Peristalsis

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Nutrients passing through the villi and microvilli of the small intestine into the bloodstream is
called:

Absorption

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The most acidic portion of the digestive tract is your:

Stomach

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The stomach’s lining is not damaged by the highly acidic environment because:

Your stomach cell secrete a protective mucus

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The following acts as an emulsifier, which allows fat to more easily be digested:

Bile

____________ is (are) the first nutrients to be digested, starting in the mouth

Carbohydrates and Fats

The following disease(s) can be affected by a poor balance of your gut bacteria

Obesity, Diabetes, and Cancer

Carbohydrates that have been absorbed in your intestines, first travel through your:

Blood vessels

Fats that have been absorbed in your intestines, first travel through your:

Lymph vessels

How many calories in 1 gram of alcohol?

7 calories

Excessive alcohol consumption causes vitamin deficiencies by:

Causing a person to consume "empty calories" and causing intestinal cell to fail to absorb some nutrients

Complex Carbohydrates are:

long chains or sugar units, also known as polysaccharides

The following is disaccharide:

Lactose

The following is monosaccharide:

Glucose

The following two Monosaccharides make up the Disaccharide Sucrose:

Glucose and Fructose

The following monosaccharide is the main unit of sugar in the blood:

Glucose

Fiber is not digested traditionally, but instead is:

Fermented in the large intestine (colon)

The DRI minimum carbohydrate recommendation to provide glucose to the brain for basic functioning is:

130 grams per day

What is the DRI macronutrient range for total calories from Carbohydrate in a healthy diet?

45 to 65% of total calories

DGA added sugar percentage recommendation?

Limit to 10% of total calories or less

Which type of fiber dissolves in water and helps lower blood cholesterol

Soluble Fiber

The ___________ is the part of the wheat kernel that has most of the fiber, and is removed when they make “refined” grains

Bran

Which of the following phrases describes the unrefined, higher fiber grain:

100% Whole Grain

The following part of the grain is typically not eaten by people:

Husk

Getting an higher intake of whole grains correlates with lower risks of:

Certain Cancers, Heart Disease, Type 2 Diabetes

After being absorbed the following organ converts galactose and fructose to glucose:

Liver

The breakdown of fat that occurs when carbohydrates are not available produces:

Ketone bodies

Lactose intolerance is defined as impaired ability to digest lactose due to reduced amounts of the enzyme:

Lactase

Which of the following is the preferred fuel for the functioning of the brain and nerves?

Carbohydrates

When your blood sugar rises, your pancreas responds by releasing __________, which helps with blood glucose uptake.

Insulin

When your blood sugar drops, your body responds by releasing __________, which helps with breaking down glycogen into blood sugars, released into your body.

Glucagon

Fat is important for the __________ of fat soluble vitamins

Absorption

The feeling of fullness or satisfaction that people experience after meals is known as _____.

Satiety

The feeling of satiety _________ when you include fat in the diet

Increases

Which of the following fatty acids is more straight in structure; not bent or twisted.

Saturated Fats

The following fats are more likely solid at room temperature

Saturated Fats

Most of the high-sources of __________ come from animal products like meats, cheese, and cream.

Saturated Fats

Most of the high-sources of __________ come from plant sources like vegetable oil, nuts, avocados:

Unsaturated Fats

True / False: Polyunsaturated fatty acids and Monounsaturated fatty acids are both types of Unsaturated fatty acids

True

An ___________ is a substance with both water-soluble and fat-soluble portions that helps permanently disperse the fat in the water.

Emulsifier

Bile is important for fat digestion because it helps _________ the fat in the small intestine for enzymatic digestion.

Emulsify

The role of bile in fat digestion is to:

Emulsify fats in the small intestine

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for fat percentage of Calories is:

20-35%

The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for saturated fat percentage of Calories is ______ or less.

10%

Which of the following is not a desirable blood lipid value?

High LDL cholesterol

Which of the following is a desirable blood lipid value?

High HDL cholesterol

Which of the following helps lower heart-disease risk by scavenging excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and depositing it in the liver?

HDL (High-Density Lipoproteins)

Which of the following contributes to lipid buildup in the tissues and lining of the arteries?

LDL (Low-Density Lipoproteins)

This type of fat is most often tied to increased LDL cholesterol and increased heart-disease risk:

Saturated Fat

Essential fatty acids:

Must be supplied by the diet

The “parent” fatty acid for the Omega-6 family, the essential fat that is used to make many other fats is:

Linoleic Acid

The “parent” fatty acid for the Omega-3 family, the essential fat that is used to make many other fats is:

Alpha-Linolenic Acid

Omega-3 Fatty Acid consumption can change and possibly improve::

Brain function, vision, heart health

Which of the following factors helps distinguish one amino acid from another?

The side chain

In a protein, a(n) _____ bond is formed between the amine group end of one amino acid and the acid group end of the next amino acid.

Peptide

Essential amino acids are called essential because:

You must get them from food, your body cannot make them

All of the following cause denaturation of proteins except:

Water

Drinking milk after ingesting heavy metals helps prevent damage to the mouth, esophagus and stomach because:

The heavy metals denature the milk instead of your body

87. During digestion, protein is denatured in the:

stomach with hydrochloric acid

Once protein is digested and absorbed into the bloodstream, the amino acids travel to the:

Liver

The continuous breakdown and synthesis of body proteins involving the recycling of amino acids is called

Protein turnover

________ provide(s) structure and strength to the bodies muscle, bones, teeth and skin.

Protein

Which of the following is a protein catalyst that facilitates chemical reactions?

Enzymes

Insulin and Glucagon are types of _________, which are protein messenger molecules in the body.

Hormones

When your body is invaded by foreign substances (antigens), you create protein-based:

Antibodies

The DRI recommendation for protein consumption for adults with a healthy body weight is:

0.8 grams/kg body weight

A protein source that contains all the amino acids in relatively the same amounts is called:

High quality protein

A _________ amino acid is one that is present, but in smaller, insufficient amounts compared to the rest of the amino acids.

Limiting

These two foods are complementary proteins because they have different limiting amino acids:

Legumes and Grains

A person like an athlete or pregnant woman, who retains more nitrogen than they excrete are considered to be in:

Positive Nitrogen Balance

A person like an astronaut or a surgery patient, who loses more nitrogen than they take in are considered to be in:

Negative Nitrogen Balance

A person who consumes excess protein might be at higher risk for heart disease if they:

- Consume more high saturated fat meats - Consume less whole grains - Eat so much protein it causes weight gain

A person who consumes too little dietary protein is at higher risk of:

- Slow growth in children - Weakened immune defenses - Impaired nutrient absorption in the GI tract

Which types of vitamins are stored in the body's tissues for longer periods of time?

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Which types of vitamins are usually excreted quickly, and so need to be eaten more regularly?

Water-Soluble Vitamins

Fat soluble vitamins are mostly absorbed from the small intestine into:

The lymph

Which of the following is the pre-cursor for the active form of Vitamin A?

Beta-Carotene

The active form on Vitamin A is called

Retinol

The active form of Vitamin A is most commonly found in:

Animal Products

Vitamin A is important for __________ in which each type of cell develops to perform a specific function.

Cell Differentiation

Excessive Vitamin A consumption for a pregnant woman can cause:

Birth defects

A lack of Vitamin A long-term can lead to permanent blindness known as

Xeropthalmia

The bowing (bending outward) of the legs called Rickets is most commonly caused by _______ deficiency in childhood.

Vitamin D

In adults with Vitamin D deficiency, poor bone mineralization can lead to:

Ostomalacia

Vitamin D can be acquired outside of food sources from:

The sun hitting your skin

Excess Vitamin D consumption can affect your blood levels of:

Calcium

Vitamin E mostly acts as an

Antioxidant

Vitamin E is higher in _________ oils

Uncooked

Vitamin C deficiency symptoms include

- Red spots - Loose teeth - Anemia

Scurvy is the name of _________ deficiency, which can lead to bleeding gums.

Vitamin C

B-Vitamins often act as

Co-enzymes

Neural tube defects are often caused by a lack of _________ during pregnancy.

Folate

Pellagra is the name of a ________ deficiency, which causes the “four D’s”

Niacin

_________ is taken in large doses for to control blood cholesterol levels, but can cause a flush, or reddening of the face.

Niacin

___________ is made by the stomach and is needed for absorption of Vitamin B12.

Intrinsic Factor

Midterm Review Flashcards

(115 cards)