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Radiation protection and regulation > Midterm review > Flashcards

Midterm review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main goal of radiation therapy?

A

To eliminate the tumor or lesion using ionizing radiation while sparing the healthy tissue

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2
Q

What might hinder perfect radiation protection?

A

Unnecessary radiation, such as background radiation, equipment limitations,human error

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3
Q

What are potential trade-offs associated with radiation exposure?

A
  • Skin damage
  • Death
  • Injury due to radiation such as skin erythema, cataracts, or radiation-induced cancer
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4
Q

How is risk justified in radiation therapy?

A

If the risk-benefit outweighs the risk to the patient and will benefit the patient, or is justifiable for research

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5
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As low as reasonably achievable

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6
Q

What are the 3 essential components of ALARA?

A
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding
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7
Q

How do dose limits differ from dose constraints?

A

Dose limits are fixed and enforced by a national legal process and are NOT to be exceeded, while dose constraints can change based on optimization factors.

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8
Q

What are the main sources of background radiation?

A
  • Cosmic radiation
  • Terrestrial radiation
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9
Q

What are the relevant isotopes associated with background radiation?

A
  • Carbon-14
  • Potassium-40
  • Ra-226
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10
Q

What factors affect levels of background radiation?

A
  • Elevation
  • Geography
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11
Q

What are the main types of ionizing radiation?

A
  • X-rays
  • Gammas
  • Alphas
  • Betas
  • Protons
  • Neutrons
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12
Q

What makes neutrons challenging to manage?

A

Neutrons have a wide range of energies instead of a discrete energy, affecting their behavior in scattering and capture.

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13
Q

What is the formula for activity in radiation measurements?

A

A = A0e^((lambda)(t))
Xmci=U/(Γ x f)

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14
Q

What does 1 Ci equal in Bq?

A

1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

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15
Q

What is the formula for Air Kerma Strength?

A

U = Kair(d) × d^2

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16
Q

What is the F-factor for dry air?

A

0.876 cGy/R

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17
Q

What is the formula for absorbed dose?

A

D = Energy imparted to the Medium / mass of the volume

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18
Q

What is the relationship between equivalent dose and absorbed dose?

A

H = Absorbed dose * Radiation weighting factor

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19
Q

What is the committed dose?

A

The dose over 50 years

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20
Q

What is the formula for effective dose?

A

E = Wt * H

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21
Q

What are the four stages of cell death?

A
  • Physical stage
  • Physiochemical stage
  • Chemical stage
  • Biological stage
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22
Q

What are stochastic effects in radiation exposure?

A

Effects that have a probability of happening with a dose

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23
Q

What are deterministic effects in radiation exposure?

A

Effects that are certain to happen after a certain threshold dose

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24
Q

What are examples of deterministic effects?

A
  • Skin erythema after 2-5 Gy
  • Cataracts at 0.5-2 Gy

Think tissue reactions for deterministic effects, and probability for stochastic

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25
What is the added detriment per Sv for adult workers according to ICRP-103?
4.1 x 10^-2 per Sv, or 4.1%
26
What is the public dose limit for TEDE?
1 mSv
27
What is the occupational dose limit for TEDE?
50 mSv
28
What are the types of radioactive materials?
* Unsealed (open form) * Sealed sources
29
What is an agreement state?
A state in agreement with the NRC to regulate some radioactive materials within the state.
30
What is required for pregnant workers regarding radiation exposure?
Must wear a dosimeter near the thyroid and under shielding near the waist.
31
What must not exceed during pregnancy for the fetus?
5 mSv throughout the pregnancy, or 0.5 mSv/month
32
What is a legally valid Trefoil?
Must be trefoil shape, magenta, purple, or black on a yellow background.
33
When is signage necessary in radiation areas?
Signage is necessary in any area where radiation exposure is certain.
34
What is the maximum limit for wipe tests?
total surface contamination dose: 0.2 millirad per hour (mrad/h) at 1 cm
35
What is the role of a Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)?
Responsible for implementation, coordination, and oversight of the radiation protection program.
36
What is the function of a Radiation Safety Committee (RSC)?
Oversight of all uses of ionizing radiation permitted by the license.
37
What is an authorized medical physicist?
A certified medical physicist authorized to work with byproduct materials.
38
What is an A1 special form package?
A1: maximum activity allowed for a special form package
39
What is the Criticality Safety Index?
A number indicating how many packages containing fissile material can be accumulated during transport.
40
What is the effective half-life formula?
Effective half-life: 1/teff=1/trad+1/tbio
41
What is the effective decay constant?
Effective decay constant: λeff= λrad + λbio
42
What is special form packaging for radioactive material?
Special form: single, solid, or SEALED capsule that satisfies safety tests. ## Footnote Not all sealed sources are special form.
43
What is normal form packaging for radioactive material?
Normal form: anything other than special form. Can be liquid, solid, or gas.
44
What are Type A Quantities?
A1: maximum activity allowed for a special form package. A2: maximum activity of a normal form package.
45
What are Type B Quantities?
Special form B: exceeds A1 LIMITS. Normal form B: exceeds A2 limits.
46
What does LSA stand for?
LSA = low specific activity. Generally pertains to bulk materials like bananas.
47
What does SCO stand for?
SCO = Surface contaminated object. Mainly for powerplant items.
48
What is HRCQ?
HRQC = highway route controlled quantity. ## Footnote Special Form - Exceeds 3000 A1 Quantity; Normal Form - Exceeds 3000 A2 Quantity OR Exceeds 1000 TBq (27,000 Ci), whichever is least.
49
What are the NY regulation limits for mixtures?
No more than 1mCi of β emitting material; no more than .01mCi of α emitting material.
50
What are the packaging requirements for Type A?
Packages must withstand normal transport, acceleration, vibration, and resonance. Type A: wooden box, steel drum, etc.; cannot be opened unless by destruction. Must be in a 7a container.
51
What are the testing requirements for Type B packaging?
Type B: all above tests, plus crush, thermal, and immersion.
52
What is the Transport Index?
The transport index is the number that restricts the number of radioactive material packages. It is measured by multiplying the max radiation level in mSv/hr at 1m from the external surface of the package by 100.
53
How is surface level radiation measured?
It measures the dose level at the surface of the package. Taken by placing a detector at the highest radiation point on the package surface.
54
What is the Criticality Safety Index?
For fissile materials, it indicates how many packages containing fissile material can be accumulated during transport.
55
What must be included on a radiation label?
Contents, activity, and TI.
56
Where should radiation labels be placed?
On the package on opposite sides, near the marked proper shipping name.
57
What must be included in shipping papers for Type A?
Proper shipping name, hazard class, UN number, name of each radionuclide, description of physical and chemical form, activity, TI, shipper's certification and signature.
58
Where must shipping papers be kept?
Must be readily accessible for emergency responders and transportation personnel.
59
How is a wipe test performed?
Check for removable radioactive contamination on a surface using soft filter paper or an absorbent material and analyze it.
60
What are the maximum limits for wipe tests?
Beta and gamma emitters, and low-toxicity alpha emitters: 22 disintegrations per minute (dpm) per 100 cm²; all other alpha-emitting radionuclides: 2.2 dpm per 100 cm².
61
What is an RSO?
Radiation safety officer.
62
What are the responsibilities of an RSO?
Responsible for implementation, coordination, and day-to-day oversight of the radiation protection program.
63
What is an RSC?
Radiation safety committee.
64
What are the responsibilities of an RSC?
Oversight of all uses of ionizing radiation permitted by the license.
65
What is an authorized user?
A licensed individual who is approved to administer or supervise the medical use of radioactive material (mD).
66
What is an authorized medical physicist?
Certified medical physicist that is authorized to work with byproduct materials.
67
What is a qualified medical physicist?
Qualified to work in a subfield they are certified in.
68
Who must be supervised by a QMP?
Medical physics assistant, medical physics student, medical physics resident.
69
What are the levels of supervision?
General: available by phone; Direct: present in the facility; Personal: be present in the room.
70
What is a supervised individual?
Are directly working with and applying the ionizing radiation to the patient.
71
What are elements of a successful radiation team?
Communication, collaboration, no retribution, anticipation of the unexpected, readiness.
72
When is signage necessary?
In any area where radiation exposure is certain.
73
What signage is needed for absorbed doses above .05mSv/hr?
A 'caution, radiation area' sign is needed.
74
What signage is needed for absorbed doses higher than 1mSv/hr?
A 'caution, High radiation area' sign is needed.
75
What signage is needed for absorbed doses higher than 5Gy/hr?
A grave danger radiation warning sign must be posted.
76
What sign is needed for areas storing licensed material?
A radioactive material caution sign, typically white and black in color.
77
What must be labeled on containers containing radioactive material?
All containers must have a sign with the proper labeling.
78
Who must be reported to in case of radioactive material incidents?
Depending on the amount of material, NRC gets immediate notification. Notifying RSO is best practice, but not legally binding.
79
What is the timeframe for notifying the NRC?
NRC should be notified periodically depending on the internal investigation and what information arises, all within a 30-day span.
80
What is the goal of Radiation Protection?
Protecting people from long-term or short-term effects of radiation.
81
What is the weighting factor, formerly known as the Q value, for a neutron of unknown energy?
10
82
What is the weighting factor for heavy particles? (alphas, fission fragments..)
20
83
what is the weighting factor for HIGH energy protons?
10
84
what is the weighting factor for electrons and protons?
1

Radiation protection and regulation (1 decks)

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