Midterm Review Flashcards

Question

Senenmut (Neferure)

Answer 1

* One of the most important figures during Hatshepsut's reign * Very often depicted holding the princess Neferure * Tutor of the royal princess * Sheikh Abd el Qurna: tombs of high official * Hatnefer and Ramose: parents of Senenmut * example of social mobility: from relatively common people to high official

Answer 2

* Systematic erasure * Not a straightforward erasure of all traces of her existence * representation as queen were never touched, only kingly representation * Undertaken by Thutmose 3 * Unlikely b/c of retribution, destruction happened some 20 years after Hatshepsut died * Carved thutmose 1 or 2's name over Hatshepsut's, not his own * Never intended to claim the creation of Hatshepsut's monuments to be his own accomplishment * Most revision are made with care and deliberation, Hatshepsut's temple at Deir el-Bahri is an exception * sculptures were cast out and deliberately broken * maybe too closely related to to Hatshepsut or the ritual ceremonies of her mortuary cult that they can't be attributed to other rulers * Suspension of the work of revision, incomplete * indicate urgent motivation for attacks vanished * attacks arisen toward end of Thutmose's reign, and vanished shortly after Amenhotep 2 became co-ruler with Thutmose * More likely, concerns the royal succession, other contenders for the throne * Proscription initiated to discredit the legitimacy of rival and secure throne for Amenhotep * Or simply, the recently invented phenomenon of a female king had created such conceptual and practical complications that the evidence of it was best erased * A possibility that Hatschepsut can pass the throne to her daughter * Two branches of royal house * Hatshepsut disturbed the system of male pharaoh passing along system

Answer 3

Military success * Why Levant? * After the sole rule, he is a mature but unproven ruler * Levant, not explored by previous kings, potential for glory and wealth * Established Egyptian dominance over Palestine and southern Syria * Economic incentive * access to Lebanese cedar, copper and tine sources jeopardized by Mitanni overlodship in northern Palestine and the coastal strip * Levant: lots of luxury good * Continued campaign as a result of the economic benefits of wars, spoils * Emphasis was equally on captive of expedition and on luxury items acquired from foreign countries * Iconographical transformation of Mitanni as arch-enemy to a compliant source for prestige luxury goods * Kernak temple: annals of Thutmose 3 * List of military conflicts and lists of booty * Used to cover up Hatshepsut's inscriptions * 17 campaigns in Palestine and Syria, year 22-42 of Thutmose 3's reign * Battle of Megiddo * Inscription meant for the gods * Chariots, hourses, armor, animals, gold etc * "Way of Horus": fortified way stations into southern Palestine * Dessert, lack of water source * Foreign policy: * Mitanni/ Kedesh: war * Hittite- Egyptian relations: Kurustama Treaty * Kurustama people were sent to Egypt--\> suggest friendly relationship * Hittite broke the treaty and attached Egypt, punished by the plague * Maybe brought by Egyptian slaves * Goods from Crete and other foreign objects * Extensive and diplomatic relationship with Eastern Mediterranean * Building activities * Earlier years artistic style and portraiture of Thutmose 3 are extremely similar to those of Hatsheput in her later monuments * Kernak * construction of "effective of monument" akh menu * Redecorated the central area with scenes and inscriptions about his asiatic expedition * 6th and 7th pylon * Transformation of Hatshepsut's work, finished by Amenhotep 2 * His own chapel at Deir el-Bahri "Sacred horizon" * Replaced Hatshepsut's * Annals * Abundant text about Thutmose 3 * Amun appointed Thutmose as king, similar to style of Hatshepsut * 42 years after becoming king * Note the coincidence of time with the proscription of Hatshepsut * Inspired by political and ideological factors * Megiddo * King's novel, where the king fulfills the same time all the roles of societal representation: image, trace and symbol of country's cohesion * Cannot be considered a true representation of his personality

Answer 4

* Started by Thutmose 1 * Realized Mitanni was superior to Egypt * Avoided direct confrontation * Established tax system in some places * Ended up hunting elephant * Practically no mention in the reign of Thutmose 2 and Hetshepsut * Thutmose 3- Battle of Magiddo * Reasons: * Mitanni attacking Egyptian border * From Yerdj to end of earth, rebellion against Thutmose * Overthrow wretched enemy, entend border * Military counsel * Kadesh gathered a bunch of people, including Mitanni to Magiddo * Three path: one narrow, two seemingly easier * Against counsel's opinion of choice the two wider ones, insisted on going for the narrow one * Why narrow road * Not specified in the inscription * Element of surprise * Not show fear * Potentially other routes have enemies * Thutmose 3 in front of the army, horse follow horse, wait for everyone to get through, set up camp, and wait for morning to attck (new moon) * Spread into 3 wings: southern, northern and center led by Thutmose 3 * Overwhelmed enemy in the battle, but get distracted by gold and Magiddo residents hoisted up into the town by pulling at their garments, so turned into a LT battle * Measured the town and surround it with ditch and walled it up with timber, enemies came begging for life * Reorganization- appointed new rulers for every town * Enemies paid tributes * Took children of princes * basically the whole town * List of booty * After Magiddo: the other campaigns * Year 24: Assyria sends diplomatic gifts to Egypt * 24-25: entries lost * 29: tkaes control of Ullaza * 30: reach Kadesh * 31-32: Ullaza again * 33: crosses Euphrates, fights Mitanni at Qatna and defeats them, retreat to Karkemish * Syria-Palestinian region divided into 3 regions * Retjenu * Luxury goods * Djahu * Harvest tax * Remenen * send people to Egypt for labor * Didn't fully incorporate the regions and set up colonial systems, build towns and etc * Send Egyptian people to oversee * Amenhotep 2 * 3 campaigns in Syria * Year 3: Takhesy [Amada Stele] * Defeat of unaligned chiefs * Excessive violence * Instead of describing taking hostages and slave, talks about people getting hanged on the wall * Year 7[Kernak and Memphis stele] * Army comes under attack, Amenhotep 2 single-handedly captures local princes and warriors * Army turns south to Niya, starts return journey * Potential defeat by Mitanni before turning south? * Year 9 [Kernak and Memphis stele] * More localized campaign * Mostly in Sourthern Levant * Attack of a few towns, strategically located near the coast and on trade routes * Thutmose 4 * Can't really speak about a campaign to Nubia or Syria * Inscription more about the preperation than the actual description of the battle * Hyperbole in description

Answer 5

* Co-regency with Thutmose 3 * Fondness for sport and outdoor activity * Inscription relate to how he excelled in all manner of military and athletic endeavor * Giza stelae, relief in Thebe, and on sarabs * 30 years or reign, military success in Levant, economic rewards and peace; Expanded monuments to the gods * Building activities: * Kernak * Proscription of Hatshepsut * Royal jubilee for the sed festival * Between 4th and 5th pylon, inscription about peace with Mitanni, Babylonia and Hittite * Particular fond of the north Giza * temple to Horemakhet, the sun god identified with the sphinx * The Great Sphinx Stela of Amenhotep 2 at Giza * Sphinx actually built in Old Kingdom, for Khafra * Sports and aatheletics * Rowing * Testing 100 bows and shoot with multiple arrows * Trained horses at Giza when he was young * Legitimize himself * Thutmose 3 appointing him as the future king * 3 campaigns in Syria, but overall peaceful reign * Foreign relationship with Mitanni, Babylon and Hittite * Why did Memphis regained importance? * Memphis vs Thebe * Thebe: ceremonial * Memphis: administrative * Imporant for military * Not practical to start every campaign in Levant from Thebe * Naval base Perunfer, maybe close to Memphis? Or Avaris? * *

Answer 6

* Reign for about 8-12 years * Increased interests in solar religion * Foreign policy: Egyptian dominance presence in Asia * Overall peace * Lots of tribute from vassals * Quelling small regional unrest * Building program: * Deliberatly follow the footsteps of his grandfather and father * Giza: temple of Horemakhet, the sun god * Trouble with succession: no recognition of his succession by Amenhotep 2 at all, no coregency * Legitimize himself by having Horemakhet appointing him as the new king, ask that he excavate the Sphinx in return * Brother's monument defacement * Usurper? * Made no reference of Amun-Ra * Increasing importance of the Heliopolitan gods and political influence of the north * Kernak * Oblisk * 4th pylon court re-deco *

Answer 7

* More distinct features * Thick lips, thin almond shaped eyes, wide nose * Different from the kings since Hatshepsut, who all look kind of similar * Divine birth myth * Amen-Ra in the form of Thutmose 4 to give birth to Amenhhotep 3 * Came to throne at the age of 12 * Probably had a regent, or support from Tiye's family * Reigned for 38 years * Married to Queen Tiye * Not of royal birth, found her parents' burials in the Valley of the kings * Facial features: mirror the features of Amenhotep 3 * Sculpture was modified, the wig was added to modify the hair-dress * purpose was unclear * Year 1 and 2: Amenhotep 3 opens new limestone quarries at Tura * Year 5: Amenhotep 3 successfully completed his first and only dated military expedition against rebellious tribes in Kush * More symbolic * Extremely peaceful and stable reign * Reign characterized by large scale building activities * Scarab * Foreign policy * Amarna tablet * Letters of diplomatic correspondence * Mortuary temples on the Theban West Bank: Kom el-Hetan * Largest mortuary temple ever * Not very well preserved, completely dismantled * Used as a quarry for later kings * Collossal statues- at gate entrance * multiple pylons * Avenue of the sphinxes * Inner temple * Colonnaded court * Traces of wall, but seem to have large empty spaces, don't know what is that for * Sed festival * royal jubilee festival, celebrated ideally after 30 years of reign * Ceremonies performed to renew the powers of the pharaoh * Amenhotep had 3 festivals, also celebrated on a very large scale * Painted on the wall of the mortuary temple * Statues of the goddess Sekhmet * Associated with warfare and healing * Why Amenhotep 3 so keen on Sekhmet? * Looked at Amenhotep 3's mummies, seem to have some bad infections that were troubling him * Maybe also why he had 3 jubilee festivals * New palatial complex * mud brick, so not preserved well * Malqata palace * Just for the jubilee fastival * Temple of Amun * The jubilee festivals are mentioned in Amarna Letters * King of Babylon, Kadeshmar-Enlil 1 wrote to Amenhotep 3 * Complaining about not being invited to the jubilee festival * Mutual gift exchange * Egyptian comes off as quite arrogant * Amarna letters * Royal correspondence covering about 30 years from year 30 of Amenhotep 3 to year 3 of Thutankhamun * Akkadian language

Midterm Review Flashcards

(31 cards)