Midterm Review

Question 1

a way of pronouncing a speech variety

Answer 1

accent

Question 2

linguistic variation that correlates with a particular phase in life and is repeated in successive generations (as opposed to language change)

Answer 2

age-grading

Question 3

a person’s knowledge of and ability to use morphology, phonology, syntax, as well as social knowledge about how to use language appropriately

Answer 3

communicative competence

Question 4

the people you know and interact with also know and interact with each other

Answer 4

dense social network

Question 5

in English, primarily urban and not strictly correlated to race (AAVE and Chicano)

Answer 5

ethnic variation

Question 6

culturally defined; participants, location, length, key concepts (baseball)

Answer 6

frame

Question 7

constant striving for correctness and creating variation from the standard because of it

Answer 7

hypercorrection

Question 8

speech variety unique to a particular individual

Answer 8

idiolect

Question 9

iffy constructions become more accepted

Answer 9

indeterminacy

Question 10

a new dialect which is the result of contact between speakers of mutually intelligible dialects

Answer 10

koine

Question 11

“a dialect with an army and a navy”

Answer 11

language

Question 12

what people think or feel about the language and how it’s used

Answer 12

language attitudes

Question 13

mutually intelligible language varieties become less recognizable (similar) as they get farther away from one another

Answer 13

language chain

Question 14

mutually intelligible speech varieties; a language variety in which pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary are indicative of the regional background of the speakers

Answer 14

dialect

Question 15

how people actually use the language

Answer 15

language use

Question 16

how language varies between speakers

Answer 16

language variation

Question 17

negative feelings toward own native speech, commonly lower middle class, displayed by constant striving for correctness

Answer 17

linguistic insecurity

Question 18

figure of speech used for comparison

Answer 18

metaphor

Question 19

people in your network are tied together in more than one way

Answer 19

multiplex

Question 20

how language “should” be used, referring to normative usage

Answer 20

prescriptivism

Question 21

ideal meaning; can change based on culture

Answer 21

prototype

Question 22

pronunciation, grammatical, and vocabualry differences based on region

Answer 22

regional variation

Question 23

variation in language conditioned by uses (formality)

Answer 23

register

Question 24

the source of general knowledge that tells us what to expect from observations, as well as providing structure for understanding them

Answer 24

schema

Question 25

a form of generalized episodic knowledge which provides a chain of events for common activities

Answer 25

script

Question 26

a network of social ties and personal relationships

Answer 26

social networks

Question 27

realistic, needed for effective participation in modern secondary society, promote insightful relations; verifiable information about a group of people

Answer 27

social type

Question 28

unity among individuals who share a speech variety

Answer 28

solidarity

Question 29

language becomes "codified"

Answer 29

standardization

Question 30

means of expression (within a register) which are used by a particular author or set of authors

Answer 30

style

Question 31

address uncertainty, facilitate someone's entry into a conversation, soften a directive or criticism, or function as a confrontational or coercive device

Answer 31

tag question

Question 32

the people you know and interact with do not know or interact with each other

Answer 32

loose social network

Question 33

people in your network are only tied by one context

Answer 33

uniplex

Question 34

the language a person speaks influences his cognition

Answer 34

linguistic relativism

Question 35

mental or emotional position adopted when communicating

Answer 35

stance...

Question 36

making what you say appear less strong

Answer 36

hedging

Question 37

how will speakers acquire the knowledge they need to use the language in focus for the specified functions

Answer 37

acquisition planning

Question 38

titles or words implying or expressing high status, respect, or politeness

Answer 38

address forms (honorifics)

Question 39

languages more or less on equal footing which influence each other

Answer 39

adstratum

Question 40

code-switching to trigger an emotion

Answer 40

affective code-switching

Question 41

start in one language and finish in another

Answer 41

alternation (code-mixing)

Question 42

an individual controls two languages

Answer 42

bilingualism

Question 43

the foreign word becomes adapted to the phonological and grammatical systems

Answer 43

borrowing

Question 44

...

Answer 44

causes of language change

Question 45

code-switching within the same sentence

Answer 45

code-mixing (intrasentential code-switching)

Question 46

the systematic choice by one speaker of elements of two or more languages, dialects, or varieties during a single conversation

Answer 46

code-switching

Question 47

mostly male (can be regional), trying to one-up, win, or lose the conversation

Answer 47

competitive conversationalist

Question 48

mostly female (can be regional), inclusion, positive feedback, turn-taking, encouragement

Answer 48

cooperative conversationalist

Question 49

regulatory measures designed to influence structural aspects of language such as the lexicon, grammar, writing system, and spelling rules

Answer 49

corpus planning

Question 50

a pidgin that has acquired native speakers

Answer 50

creole

Question 51

the result of imperfect learning by large numbers of non-native speakers

Answer 51

creoloid

Question 52

changes back in the direction of the superstratum language; reintroduction of grammatical forms and removal of vocab that is not superstratum; post-creole

Answer 52

decreolization

Question 53

a formalized situation where a community uses different codes (either dialects or languages) for different functions

Answer 53

diglossia

Question 54

words or phrases which are used by people to talk about those “impolite” topics without overtly using the taboo words

Answer 54

euphemism

Question 55

the public self-image that every member wants to claim for himself

Answer 55

face (politeness)

Question 56

functions, acquisition, motivation, environment, differentiation

Answer 56

FAMED conditions

Question 57

women - hedging, indirect speech, cooperative; men - direct speech, competitive

Answer 57

gender variation

Question 58

relevance, order, quality, quantity

Answer 58

Grice's maxims

Question 59

form and function do not match

Answer 59

indirect speech act

Question 60

a piece from one language is inserted into the other

Answer 60

insertion (code-mixing)

Question 61

code-switching between sentences

Answer 61

intersentential code-switching

Question 62

don’t impose, give options, make a feel good

Answer 62

Lakoff's rules of politeness

Question 63

a sphere of activity representing a combination of specific times, settings, and role relationships (family, friends, religion, education, employment)

Answer 63

language domain (function)

Question 64

a systematic construct about “language” or specific languages which results in them being invested with certain moral, social, and political values, giving rise to implicit assumptions about languages or their speakers

Answer 64

language ideology

Question 65

any systematic, theory-informed design to solve the communication problems of a society by influencing speakers’ choices concerning languages and varieties (status planning) as well as structural features of language such as pronunciation, grammar, vocabulary and terminology (corpus planning)

Answer 65

language planning

Question 66

rules (instituted by governments, institutions, or organizations) that address how languages are used, how to cultivate language skills needed to meet established priorities or the rights of individuals or groups to use and maintain languages

Answer 66

language policy

Question 67

the health of a language and its likelihood of being passed on to future generations

Answer 67

language vitality

Question 68

code-switching because of an inability to remember vocabulary in one language

Answer 68

lexical need (code-mixing)

Question 69

a language used as a common language between people who speak a different language

Answer 69

lingua franca

Question 70

switching to trigger a cultural context; evoke metaphor, culture, history

Answer 70

metaphorical code-switching

Question 71

a language that arises through the fusion of two source languages, normally in situations of thorough bilingualism, so that it is not possible to classify e resulting language as belonging to either of the language families that were its source

Answer 71

mixed language

Question 72

individual or country makes use of two or more languages

Answer 72

multilingualism

Question 73

a speech form created by speakers in a language-contact situation who share no common language; it has not native speakers and is characterized by instability

Answer 73

pidgin

Question 74

location-based code-switching; language at/about church vs. language at/about home

Answer 74

situational code-switching

Question 75

based on education, occupation, and income; the dialect of a particular social class

Answer 75

sociolect (social class variation)

Question 76

languages which are in the same geographical area may come to resemble each other, even if they are not genetically related

Answer 76

sprachbund (areal features)

Question 77

regulatory measures designed to determine when and for what functions a language is used in society

Answer 77

status planning

Question 78

formerly spoken language impacting the current language

Answer 78

substratum

Question 79

majority language which is influencing a minority language

Answer 79

superstratum

Question 80

those that are avoided in polite situations

Answer 80

taboo (word, expression, or topic)

Question 81

code-switching based on topic/vocabulary

Answer 81

topic code-switching

Question 82

L1 influence on L2

Answer 82

transfer (substratum interference)