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Cognitive Neuroscience > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Alcemaeon - (___ BC) First neuroscientist, real observations of anatomy through ____.

A

450

dissection

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2
Q

Hippocrates - (___ BC) First physician who took a ____ approach to medicine.

A

452

scientific

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3
Q

Hippocrates disproved idea of epilepsy as ____ - proposed ____ instead.

A

possession

physiological basis

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4
Q

Aristotle - (____ BC) Performed systematic study of ____ via dissecting 49 different animals.

A

450

animal behavior

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5
Q

Aristotle thought ____ was seat of sensation.

A

heart

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6
Q

Aristotle believed the heart was the seat of sensation because the heart is affected by ____, all animals have one, source of ____, connected through ____, essential for life, formed first, centralized.

A

emotion
blood
blood vessels (he couldn’t understand nerve fibers)

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7
Q

Galen (____ AD) - 1st to produce ____, first ____ experiments (in pigs).

A

129-199
accurate anatomical drawing of brain (of an ox)
lesion

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8
Q

Galen believed the soul/mind located in ____ because essense of “self”/”soul”/”spirit” is a kind of gas that needs housing.

A

ventricles

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9
Q

Medieval times - ____ AD

A

199-1200

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10
Q

Medieval cell doctrine - ventricles had assigned jobs: ____ in front, ____ in middle, ____ in back. Supports “____” idea from church of this time.

A

common sense
reason/thought
memories
non material nature of the soul

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11
Q

Andreas Vesalius (____) - neuroanatomy through ____

A

1514-1564

dissection

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12
Q

Andreas Vesalius’ book was called ____.

A

Making of the human body

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13
Q

Andreas Vesalius was known for doing ____.

A

public dissections

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14
Q

Thomas Willis (____) - wrote an anatomy book with brain drawing by ____ that was so accurate it looks the same as drawings today.

A

1664

Christopher Wren

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15
Q

Descartes (____) - soul lives in ____ because it is the only part that is singular.

A

1662

pineal gland

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16
Q

Gall and Spurzheim (____) - founded ____.

A

early 1800s

Phrenology

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17
Q

Broca (____) - localization of ____ (studied patient called Tan, found lesion on ____)

A

1824-1880
speech
left hemisphere in frontal lobe

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18
Q

Phineas Gage - Railroad worker who got spike through ____. His ____ memory was affected. He died from ____. We learned that frontal lobe is probably responsible for certain aspects of ____ and ____.

A 
frontal lobe
long-term
a seizure
personality
inhibition
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19
Q

TMS is used to simulate temporary ____.

A

lesions

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20
Q

The homunculus was discovered through use of ____.

A

DBS

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21
Q

Letvin (____) recorded from cells in the retina of ____. He found that their retinal cells respond to ____.

A

1959
frogs
small, moving objects

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22
Q

Hubel and Wiesal (____) discovered ____ in felines.

A

1962

ocular dominance columns/visuospatial cell organization

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23
Q

Telencephalon

A

Neocortex

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24
Q

Diencephalon

A

Limbic system

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25
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
26
Metencephalon
Brainstem/Cerebellum
27
Myelencephalon
Spinal cord
28
Entorhinal cortex function
Primal sensory brain
29
Thalamus function
Sensory relay
30
Amygdala function (2)
Emotion detection | Fear response
31
Superior colliculus function
Receives visual input | Orients eyes when moving head
32
Hebb (____) - Neurons that ____ together, ____ together.
1949 fire wire
33
William James (____)
1892
34
Rosenblatt (____) proposed ____.
1958 | perceptron
35
Anderson (____) took perceptron and organized it into ____.
1980s | a neural network
36
The left hemisphere is ____, ____, and ____.
logical calculating linguistic
37
The right hemisphere is ____, ____, ____.
Emotional Holistic Intuitive
38
The left hemisphere has more ____, and the right has more ____.
gray matter | white matter
39
Speech is lateralized to the ____.
left hemisphere
40
Visual motor tasks and face recognition are lateralized to the ____.
right hemisphere
41
Aperceptive agnosia
Inability to recognize shape/form (triangle vs. circle)
42
Associative agnosia
Inability to recognize objects (wife vs. hat)
43
Dyscalculia is caused by damage to the ____.
left angular gyrus
44
Capgras syndrome
Loved one is an imposter
45
Emotion crosses the midline through the ____.
anterior commissure
46
Sperry and Gazzaniga studied ____ through ____ (3) responses to questions
split-brain patients | visual/verbal/tactile
47
Gazzaniga and LeDoux studied ____ through ____ responses to questions.
emotion processing | verbal
48
In alien hand syndrome, the ____ has self-harm intentions and the ____ tried to inhibit them.
right hemisphere | left
49
Gazzaniga and LeDoux discovered that the left hemisphere ____ when it doesn't know an answer.
improvises/lies
50
The ____ hemisphere is better at statistics because it is ____.
right | unbiased
51
Marr (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.
1982 | create a 3D representation of 2D input
52
Gibson (____) proposed that the purpose of vision was to ____.
1966 | interact with the world
53
____ infers that an object is approaching.
Asymmetrical expansion | awful baseball pun
54
Gibson vs. Marr Subcortical (_,_) General purpose (_,_) Flexible (_,_)
+,- - ,+ - ,+
55
Focal length of the eye
17mm
56
A diopeter a unit of ____ that is equal to the reciprocal of the ____ of a given lens
``` refractive power focal length (in meters) ```
57
Cornea diopeters
42
58
Lens diopeters
15-20
59
The ____ controls the quantity of light in the eye.
pupil
60
The ____ absorbs excess light and minimizes scatter within the eye.
pigment epithelium
61
Tapetum
Present in some animals | Scatters light
62
Rods work best at ____nm.
500
63
Cones sense ____.
RGB
64
L cones work best at ____nm.
550
65
M cones work best at ____nm.
535
66
S cones work best at ____nm.
419
67
RGB = ____. | Red/Green/Blue
LMS | Long/Medium/Short
68
Scotopic vision uses ____.
rods
69
Photopic vision uses ____.
cones
70
Mesopic vision uses ____.
rods and cones
71
Purkinje effect: | ____ changes as ____.
Relative color brightness | light decreases
72
The magnocellular pathway is ____.
dorsal | rods/motion/where
73
The parvocellular pathway is ____.
ventral | cones/form/color/where
74
LGN parvocellular layers
4
75
LGN magnocellular pathways
2
76
A decrease in ____ allows the visual system to notice changes.
redundancy
77
Gestalt approach
Whole > sum of parts
78
(____) | Good figure principle
Pragnanz | Stimuli are perceived as simply as possible
79
Similarity principle
Objects of similar shape/color/orientation should be grouped
80
Proximity principle
Objects in close proximity to each other should be grouped
81
Common fate principle
Objects of similary trajectory should be grouped
82
Meaningfulness and familiarity principle
Groups should look similar/familiar
83
Attention is primarily a ____ process.
serial
84
Marr's bottom-up approach
3D objects are built from 2D perceptions such as edges and shadows
85
Biederman (____) recognition by components
1986 | Geons pieced together
86
Poggio and Edelman (____) Image-based models
1991 | 3D representation constructed from multiple 2D images
87
Yuille and Kersten (____)
2009 | Essentially feature-analysis theory
88
Bayesian models are ____, relying on ____.
both top-down/bottom-up | statistical experience
89
Hinton/LeCun (____)
2012 | convolutional neural networks
90
Convolutional neural networks extract features through ____.
image compression
91
Convolutional neural networks are trained by ____.
error feedback loops
92
Change blindess is the result of ____.
distraction and efficiency of attention

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