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Anthropology 202 > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Biological (Physical) anthropology

A

human evolution, variation in populations, comparative study humans vs primates

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2
Q

4 sub-fields of anthropology

A

biological, archaeological, cultural, linguistic

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3
Q

Archaeology

A

prehistoric cultures/early literate civilizations through excavation of material remains

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4
Q

cultural anthropology

A

differences/similarities of contemporary vs recent cultures, culture change, impact of culture contacts, effects of globalization

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5
Q

linguistic anthropology

A

origins of language, relationship of languages and culture, role of lang. In shaping thoughts

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6
Q

applied anthropology

A

5th subfield; practice of anthropological methods, theories, concepts to solve problems

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7
Q

Holistic approach

A

all aspects connected and taken into account

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8
Q

Comparative approach

A

compare cultures to test hypotheses

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9
Q

relativistic approach

A

anthropologist suspends (‘brackets’) their esthetic/moral judgments, Methodological principle

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10
Q

Methodological principle

A

no universal standards in judgement

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11
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

cultural superiority

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12
Q

ethnography

A

written description of way of life

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13
Q

ethnology

A

explain past/present diversity in cultural systems

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14
Q

5 components of Cultural Knowledge

A

Norms , Values , Symbols, Constructions, Worldviews

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15
Q

Norms

A

standards of propriety and appropriateness

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16
Q

Values

A

beliefs about social desirability, worthwhileness

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17
Q

Symbols

A

objects and behaviors w/conventional meaning

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18
Q

constructions

A

divisions of reality into categories/subcategories

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19
Q

worldviews

A

interpretations of events/experiences

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20
Q

5 properties of Language

A

Discreteness, Productivity, Arbitrariness, Displacement, Multimedia potential

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21
Q

Discreteness

A

lang.composed of sounds/words which can’t be reduced, combined to communicate precise methods

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22
Q

Productivity

A

finite # of words combined to infinite # sentences

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23
Q

Arbitrariness

A

people who don’t know lang. Can’t understand by physical properties/sound

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24
Q

Displacement

A

can discuss things, people, events remote in space or as abstract concepts

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25
multimedia potential
can be transmitted by various ways; print, digital, movement, etc.
26
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (linguistic relativity hypothesis)
- Language shapes perceptions and worldviews of speakers - When language has a word for something, that thing is ‘real’ to speakers - Differentiating attributes are more important than others - Language bias of sensory inputs
27
nonverbal communication
kinesics, role of body lang, intentional vs implicit messages; Proxemics, Sociolinguistics
28
Proxemics
study of meanings conveyed by space/distance
29
Sociolinguistics
studies how language is connected to culture/social uses of speech
30
synchronic
culture at one period of time
31
diachronic
changes in culture over time
32
emic
perspective of researcher actively inside cultural microenvironment
33
etic
perspective of outsider looking inside culture, different data
34
3 Social organization groups
1. Division of labor (who does what)’ 2. Patterns of cooperation (working together efficiently) 3. Ways of allocating resources
35
3 types of food production
1. Agriculture (cultivation), horticulture, domesticated food plants 2. Herding (pastoralism), livestock 3. Industrialization, consumer commodities, energy
36
interaction
alter environments as they live in them
37
adaptation
adjust to environments
38
3 modes of Distribution
1. Reciprocity - direct barter, immediate exchange 2. Redistribution - individual collects goods/services and allocates them 3. Market - exchange of goods w/currency
39
3 types of Reciprocity
1. Generalized - giving without expectation of return 2. Balanced - equal exchange 3. Negative - motivated by desire to obtain goods
40
conditions of market exchange
a. Sellers and buyers b. Medium of exchange (money) c. Rates of exchange (prices set by supply/demand)
41
culture
a. Learned (enculturation) from birth b. Shared (socialization) c. Observable through behavior, language, and material things
42
comparative methods
Cross-cultural comparison & controlled comparison
43
3 causes of cultural changes
1. Discovery 2. Innovation 3. Borrowing
44
exogamous
prohibit marriage within same social group
45
endogamous
require marriage within group
46
polygamy
multiple spouses 1. Polygyny - man with multiple wives 2. Polyandry - woman with multiple husbands
47
Levirate
widow marries relative of dead husband
48
Sororate
widower marries relative of dead wife
49
bridewealth
transfer wealth to wife's relative
50
brideservice
husband works for wife's family
51
patrilocal/matrilocal
live with husbands/wifes family
52
ambilocal/bilocal
optional between husband/wife’s family
53
neolocal
establish separate household
54
avuncolocal
live with maternal uncles
55
unilineal descent
traces one line; Patrilineal and Matrilineal
56
bilateral descent
both sides
57
cognatic (ambilineal) descent
choose which lines to ‘activate’
58
kin terms
how they’re labeled (aunt, cousin, etc)
59
Bronislaw Malinowski
culture functioned to meet the needs of individuals rather than society as a whole
60
Franz boas
cultural relativism
61
Edward B. Tylor
established the theoretical principles of Victorian anthropology
62
Lewis Henry Morgan
kinship and social structure, his theories of social evolution
63
multinational/transnational corporations
has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than its home country
64
effects of globalization
``` Mass migration Economic inequality Accessible information Loss of culture etc. ```

Anthropology 202 (3 decks)

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