Midterm Review

Question 1

What is the definition of Evolution?

Answer 1

change in heritable characteristics of populations over successive generations

Question 2

What is the definition of microevolution

Answer 2

change in allele frequency that occur in a population over time

Question 3

How does micro evolution occur

Answer 3

mutation, selection, gene flow, genetic drift

Question 4

What is thee definition of macroevolution

Answer 4

evolution on or above the level of species

Question 5

What is the definition of Natural Selection

Answer 5

different genetic contribution by individuals with different phenotypes

Question 6

Conditions of Natural Selection

Answer 6

1. more offspring are produced than environment can support
2. there is variation the population
3. some traits give individuals an advantage
4. traits that increase fitness become more popular.

Question 7

what is the definition of fitness

Answer 7

quantitative representation of natural and sexual selection

Question 8

is natural selection directional?

Answer 8

No, natural selection does not act towards a predetermined goal. it is by chance and random mutation

Question 9

What is thee definition of adaptations

Answer 9

the process by which populations evolve such that they are better suited to their environment

Question 10

what is the trend in Stabilizing selection

Answer 10

average individuals have increased fitness. variation narrows over generations

Question 11

what is the trend in directional selection

Answer 11

shift in proportion towards increased fitness. can shift left or right. variation can increase or decrease

Question 12

what is the trend in disruptive selection

Answer 12

average individuals are less favorable, extremes are favored. variation is increased

Question 13

frequency dependent selection

Answer 13

occurs when fitness of individuals depends on relative frequency in the population

Question 14

Characteristics that define a species

Answer 14

1. a collective
2. common ancestry
3. interbreeding
4. genetic integrity

Question 15

speciation

Answer 15

the process by which a single species splits into 2 daughter species

Question 16

how does speciation occur

Answer 16

interruption of gene flow between species that formerly interbred.

Question 17

cladogenesis

Answer 17

branching of an evolutionary lineage

Question 18

Allopatric speciation

Answer 18

separation of populations is large relative to dispersal distance. this prevents gene flow

Question 19

parapatric speciation

Answer 19

occurs when a population expands to a new habitiat

Question 20

sympatric speciation

Answer 20

development of reproductive isolation between 2 segments of a single population that are in continuous contact

Question 21

heterotherms (pokilotherms)

Answer 21

body temperature of organism varies with ambient temperature

Question 22

hometotherms

Answer 22

organism can maintain constant body temperature

Question 23

ectotherms

Answer 23

organism relies on environment to regulate body temperature.

Question 24

endotherms

Answer 24

use metabolic process to regulate body temperature

Question 25

upper and lower Lt50

Answer 25

temperature at which 50% of organisms will die

Question 26

CT max and min

Answer 26

critical temperature at which signs of stress begin to show and the organism is at risk of death

Question 27

reduction of metabolic efficiency

Answer 27

function of electron transport chain is lowed, less ATP is made. as body temp increases, membranes become fluid and leaky. protons pass through membrane without going through ATP synthase.

Question 28

heat shock proteins

Answer 28

normally regenerated using ATP but in high temperatures they are denatured due to limits on ATP production