Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Extremity Biomechanics > Midterm Review > Flashcards

Midterm Review Flashcards

(63 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Synovial Membrane and Fluid

A

Membrane is made of 2 layers: Intima and Subintima

Subintima is vascularized and innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Functions of synovial membrane

A

2 Functions
Produces and resorbs synovial fluid
Provides immunity to joint cavity (sub)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Fibrous capsule Function

A

Support/stabilize
Guide and limit motion
Absorb shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fibrous capsule components

A

Capsular ligaments
Extracapsular ligs
Attachment sites
Vascularized and innervated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Extremity Joint components

A 
Subchondral bone (10x stiffer than bone)
Articular cartilage
Intra-articular cartilage
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
Synovial cavity
Synovial cavity
Periosteum
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Synovial Fluid

A 
Rich in GAG's especially Hyaluronic Acid
Shock absorption
Lubrication
Nutrient supply to cartilage
Waste product removal from cartilage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bursae - General

A

Synovial membrane lined extra-capsular pockets or pouches

Some communicate with the synovial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Bursae Function

A

Lubrication

Padding the joints

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline is most common

Joints lined by fibrocartilage: AC, SC, TMJ, 1/2 of SI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main Components of Articular Cartilage

A

Low cell population density
H2O (80% of total weight)
Collagen (60-70% of dry weight)
GAG (proteoglycans , 30-40% of dry weight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Function of collagen

A

Provide cartilaginous framework

Provide tensile strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Sources of Nutrition for Articular Cartilage

A

Synovial fluid

Subchondral bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Two types of Intra-Articular Cartilage

A

Disc - AC, SC, TMJ, T.F.C

Meniscus - AC, knee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Intra-Articular Cartilage (Innervation, vascularized, function)

A

Innervated:
Outer transition with capsule
Proprioception
Nociception

Vascularized:
Outer - 1/3

Functions:
Increased shock absorption
Increased congruency
increased stability
Decreased function
Increased motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cartilage loads

A

Small compressive loads only:
Weak ionic bonding
Fails @ high compressive loads

Large compressive loads —> squeezes fluid film out of the cartilage

Slow oscillations are good: Stimulates matrix synthesis and inhibits chondrolysis
Rapid oscillations or no oscillations are bad: Supresses matrix synthesis and enhances chondrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Changes in DJD (Articular Cartilage)

A

Cell numbers, GAGs, lubrication decreases. Serous fluid, calcification increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Changes in DJD (Subchondral Bone)

A

Increase calcification: Increase rigidity
Increase thickness: impedes waste removal and nutrient delivery
Decrease shock absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Changes in DJD (Intra-articular cartilage decreases)

A

Vascularization, chondrocyte population, GAGS and collagen, shock absorption and flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spheroid

A

Ball and socket

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Arthroid

A

Planar/gliding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sellar

A

Saddle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Ellipsoid

A

Condyloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Gingylmus

A

Hinge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Trochoid

A

Pivot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Osteokinematics
Uniaxial, biaxial, polyaxial, nonaxial 2 types of motion: Spin - Stationary mechanical axis Swing - Mechanical axis moves Conjoint/conjunct rotation: Involuntary movement that occurs during swing Screw home mechanism
26
Convex Rule
Convex on Concave surface movement the convex surface will roll and slide in the opposite direction Rolls in the same direction as angular motions Slides in the opposite direction of angular motion GH JOINT
27
Concave Rule
for a concave on convex movement. Concave slides and rolls in the same direction as the movement Roll is in the same direction as angular motion Slide is in the same direction as angular motion Tibia on Femoral Extension
28
Closed Open Resting position Neutral position
Tight packed position Loose packed position Joint capsule is most relaxed Joint position at zero degrees
29
Gait cycle terms (R/L Step Length, R/L Foot Angle, Step width, Stride Length)
Step length is the length of one foot fall to the other during walking Foot angle is the angular deviation of the forefoot from the hind foot Step width is the lateral difference between foot landings Stride length is the length from one step to the same foot during walking
30
Step Width avg
8-10 cm
31
Foot Flare/Angle avg
5-7 degrees when walking Increase stress on lower extremity leads to injury inefficient motion leads to increased muscle work and decreased stride length
32
Phases of gait cycle
Swing - toe off to foot strike, recovery | Stance - Foot strike to toe off, support
33
Walking stances
60% stance, 40% swing | Double support
34
Running stances
60% Swing, 40% Stance | Float
35
Foot Strike
lands ahead of COG Absorbs shock and adapts to the ground Foot lands 2 degrees supinated and then pronates Eversion of calcaneus abduction of foot and the calcaneus Dorsiflexion of calcaneus Tibia and femur Internally Rotate
36
Rearfoot striker
Walking, jogging, slow running foot and talus plantar flexes Tibialis anterior eccentrically controls the plantar flexion and pronation of the foot
37
Forefoot striker
Fast running Foot dorsiflexes Gastroc-Soleus controls dorsiflexion Tibialis anterior and posterior control pronation
38
Midstance
COG is directly over the stance limb Foot is pronates relative to neutral Inversion, adduction and plantar flexion of the calcaneus Tibia and femur extend and externally rotate
39
Take off
COG is anterior to the stance foot Tibialis anterior rapidly inverts the calcaneus. This will help to lengthen the leg so that the opposite foot does not hit the ground Weight of plantar surface shifts medially across metatarsal break Peroneus longus lifts cuboid and lateral foot and depresses and plantar flexes first ray Slight pronation occurs at the end of take off
40
Swing phases
Initial swing Mid swing Terminal swing
41
Stance phases
Footsrike Midstance Take off
42
Initial swing
knee flexes and tibia internally rotates Hip extends and externally rotates Hip flexors eccentrically decelerate
43
Mid-swing
Hip flexors contract to accelerate leg Gluteals and hamstrings eccentrically contract to decelerate the limb Foot goes from neutral to slightly dorsiflexed to avoid contact with the ground
44
Terminal Swing
Hip extensors and knee flexors accelerate the limb backwards | Hamstrings
45
6 important joints of the foot and ankle
``` Talocrural Subtalar (pronation and supination Choparts or midtarsal Lisfranc’s Tarsometatarsal jont Metatarsalphalangeal ```
46
Rear foot bones
Calcaneus and talus
47
Midfoot bones
Navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
48
Forefoot
metatarsals, phalanges (also called rays)
49
Arches of the foot KEYSTONES
Medial: talus Lateral: cuboid Transverse: 2nd metatarsal
50
Arches of the foot STAPLES
Medial: spring ligament Lateral: plantar ligament Transverse: transverse metatarsal ligament
51
Arches of the foot TIEBEAMS
Plantar fascia | Intrinsic muscles
52
Arches of the foot SUSPENSORS
Medial: anterior and posterior tibialis | Lateral and transverse: Peroneus longus and brevis
53
Plantar Fascia
Inelastic tiebeam Medial and lateral calcaneal tubercle to the bones and fascia of the toes Tenses when someone rises on toes or walks Windlass effect
54
Intrinsic muscles of the foot
act as springlike tie beams to support the arch | can fatigue with pronation syndrome and overuse
55
Subtalar joint
Locks and unlocks the transverse tarsal joint in a pronated state the transverse tarsal joints are parallel and unlocked - increased flexibility In a supinated position the joints are twisted and locked - increased stiffness
56
Pes cavus - Supinated foot
``` High arch Inverted heel Curved, stiff Decreased shock absorption Lateral shoe wear down Weakened tibialis anterior allows peroneus longus to pull foot into plantar flexion ``` Metatarsalgia and stress related injuries Metatarsals are at a greater angle to the ground
57
Static Listings of Pes Cavus
``` Inverted, anterior calcaneus Lateral talus Superior navicular Plantar flexed metatarsal Extended proximal phalanges ``` Supinated weight bearing foot lengthens the lower limb
58
Pes Planus - Pronated foot
Low arch, arch appears normal when unweighted but drops when under load Everted heel (rearfoot valgus) Straight and usually flexible Decreased shock absorption Medial shoe breakdown Overstretched or weakened spring ligament, plantar fascia, and tibialis posterior tendon
59
Pes planus - Static listings
``` Everted, posterior calcaneus Medial talus Inferior navicular Dorsiflexed metatarsals Flexed proximal phalanges Pronated weight bearing foot shortens the lower extremity ```
60
Rearfoot Varum
Inverted position of the hind foot | common cause of pronation syndrome
61
Forefoot varum
Medial forefoot is elevated Excessive pronation that lasts into takeoff Inhibited supination during takeoff
62
Forefoot Valium
Lateral forefoot is elevated | Often leads to decreased pronation and ankle sprains
63
Posting and shoes
Forefoot varus - medial forefoot post Rearfoot varus - medial rearfoot post Forefoot valgus - lateral forefoot post

Extremity Biomechanics (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions