Midterm Review Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Which structure provides structure and nourishment to the retina?
A
choroid
2
Q
Which structure(s) produces the aqueous humor?
A
ciliary bodies
3
Q
Name three structures that provide protection for the eye.
A
bony orbit, conjunctiva, lacrimal system
4
Q
What is the jelly-like substance, thick and viscous, that occupies the chamber in the posterior concavity of the eyeball?
A
vitreous humor
5
Q
Which structure has the function of focusing light especially in near objects?
A
lens
6
Q
The pupil is formed by which structure?
A
iris
7
Q
Cones are responsible for sensing what two things?
A
color and fine detail
8
Q
Which describes the position of inferior rectus?
A
6 o’clock
9
Q
What part of the skull encloses the eyes?
A
bony orbits
10
Q
Which structure is the link between the visual system and the brain?
A
optic nerve
11
Q
What time describes the position of the superior oblique rectus of the right eye?
A
2:00 (definitely not 7:00)
12
Q
What structures are found in the anterior chamber of the visual system?
A
aqueous humor and cornea
13
Q
What is the main structure involved in the bending of light?
A
cornea
14
Q
If poor drainage of aqueous humor is an issue, which structure(s) could be be affected?
A
canal of Schlemm
15
Q
What structure(s) produce tears?
A
lacrimal gland
16
Q
What are the 5 categories of visual dysfunction?
A
visual acuity, field, binocularity, color perception, CVI
17
Q
What are 3 things that cause all acuity problems?
A
refractive errors, diseases, syndromes
18
Q
Which dysfunction is being described? “The sharpness of vision at a designated distance”
A
visual acuity
19
Q
A normal eye generates how many diopters?
A
60
20
Q
What is the term that means bending of light?
A
refraction
21
Q
When an image is focused before it reaches the retina, because it is bending too much, that’s called…
A
myopia
22
Q
What are the 4 refractive errors?
A
myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, presbyopia
23
Q
What is the term for unaligned eyes?
A
strabismus
24
Q
What is the term for lack of symmetry in the curvature of the cornea?
A
astigmatism
25
What is the unit for measuring the amount of refraction?
diopters
26
Macular degeneration mainly causes which type of visual dysfunction?
visual field loss
27
Which term means binocular (both eyes) double vision?
diplopia
28
The area that can be seen by looking straight ahead
visual field
29
What unit is used to measure the visual field?
degrees
30
Is astigmatism related to where an image lands on the retina?
no- it's related to the shape/curvature of the cornea
31
What is the main function of the bony orbit?
to protect the eyeballs
32
What is the thin layer that covers the eyes, attaches to eyelids, and protects the eyes?
conjunctiva
33
Which structure is the major refractor in the eye?
cornea
34
How much of the light bending in the eye does the cornea do?
90%
35
Where is the anterior of the eye? From the __ to the __
from the cornea to the iris
36
Which structure drains the occleus to keep pressure down?
Canal of Schlemm
37
What surrounds the lens, keeps it in place, is attached to ciliary bodies, and are most involved in the process of focusing?
Zonules of Zinn
38
What area in the retina provides sharp vision with the greatest detail?
macula
39
Which structure is the sentry/file station, and sorts information?
geniculate bodies
40
At what time is the medial rectus positioned? (looking at right eye)
3:00, by the nose
41
At what time is the lateral rectus positioned? (looking at right eye)
9:00, by the temple
42
At what time is the superior rectus positioned?
12:00
43
At what time is the inferior rectus positioned?
6:00
44
Which muscle moves the eye UP?
superior rectus
45
Which muscle moves the eye DOWN?
inferior rectus
46
Which muscle moves the eye IN?
medial rectus
47
Which muscle moves the eye OUT?
lateral rectus
48
What should a child be wearing during an eye exam?
Their best glasses or contacts, so it can be determined how well the child can see with correction.
49
Part of retina made mostly of cones, center of macula, provides sharp vision
fovea
50
Colored part of the eye, controls the amount of light that enters the eye, helps sharpen focus
iris
51
If problems in this part of the eye, photophobia, too much light, glare, loss of acuity, pain, too little light
iris
52
Protecting and caring for the eye through controlling tears
lacrimal system
53
Structure that changes shape/thickness to add bending power for closer viewing (accommodation)
lens
54
Where cataracts form
lens
55
Part of the retina with the highest concentration of cones, used for reading very small print, central visual field is here
macula
56
What is ARMD?
age related macular degeneration
57
Where information from both eyes cross to create a complete visual picture. Nerves from each eye come together and are split so information from both eyes is shared with both parts of the brain
optic chiasm
58
Where optic nerve and retinal blood vessels enter and optic nerve attaches from the brain, where the blindspot is in each eye
optic disc
59
Bundle of nerves that carry information from the retina to the brain
optic nerve
60
What is the most common eye condition related to optic nerve damage caused by abnormally high pressure in the eye
glaucoma
61
Which structure is in the corner, is pink skin that covers gland
coruncula
62
What structures make up the uveal tract?
choriod, ciliary body, iris
63
What does the ciliary body produce?
aqueous humor
64
Perceives fine details, color, color contrast, clear vision, and objects positioned in the central portion of vision
cones
65
How many cones and rods do we have?
6 million cones, 120 million rods
66
What is concentrated in the fovea, which is the center of the macula?
cones
67
Crystalline is another name for which part of the eye?
lens
68
Where does the optic tract start? Where does it go next?
starts at the optic chiasm and goes to the geniculate bodies, then onto the brain
69
Where is the posterior chamber? Behind the __ and in front of the __.
behind the iris and in front of the lens
70
Hole in the top and bottom lid to collect tears
punctum
71
Opening of the iris, hole that expands and contracts as the iris changes shape
pupil
72
Nerve layer lining 2/3 of the back of the eye, connected to our brain
retina
73
Disorder that affect babies born too early, before blood vessels have developed to the edge of retina, so abnormal blood vessels develop which are fragile and weak, and as they scar they shrink, pull on the retina and detach it
ROP - retinopathy of prematurity
74
Perceive movement and objects in low light, as well as objects located in the edges of vision, no color, found in greater number around the edges of the retina
rods
75
Congenital eye disorder that first affects the rods and leads to decreased night vision
RP - retinitis pigmentosa
76
The white part of the eye, tough outer wall that with the cornea forms the external coat of the eye, also forms protective sheath around the optic nerve.
sclera
77
Fibers that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place
suspensory ligaments
78
Dots along the base of bottom lid that produce oils and prevent evaporation and prevent tear spillage onto the cheek making closed lids airtight
tarsal glands
79
Serve to clean and lubricate the eyes in response to irritation, produced by the lacrimal gland
tears
80
Layer of tissue between the outer and inner layers of the eye
uveal tract
81
AKA Occipital lobe
visual cortex
82
AKA Visual cortex
occipital lobe
83
Which part of the brain is involved with spatial organization of a scene, shapes, brightness and shading?
primary visual cortex
84
Which part of the brain interprets patterns?
secondary visual cortex
85
Supports the retina against the choroids, provides structure and shape of the eye, fills up central cavity
vitreous humor
86
What are the 6 refractive structures, in order?
TCCALV - tears, conjunctiva, cornea, aqueous, lens, vitreous
87
Eye condition caused by high pressure in the eye
glaucoma
88
What two structures make up the outer layer of the eye, and in what proportions?
sclera is 5/6 and cornea is 1/6
89
Which system of structures provides light absorption? What three structures are included?
uveal tract - iris, choroid, ciliary bodies
90
Which part of the brain is the center for visual learning and recognition by sight?
temporal lobes
91
Which part of the brain is the limbic sector and guides visual attention and is involved with emotional responses?
midbrain
92
Which cranial nerve is responsible for most eye movement, pupil, and lid function?
3rd cranial nerve
93
Which cranial nerve works the superior oblique and may cause double vision, manifested by a head tilt?
4th cranial nerve
94
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the lateral rectus?
6th cranial nerve
95
What is measured by determining the smallest object or line seen clearly at a set distance?
visual acuity
96
What does 20/30 vision mean?
you can see at 20 feet what most people can see at 30 feet - less acuity than the average person (worse vision)
97
On an eye prescription, what does OD mean?
right eye
98
On an eye prescription, what does OS mean?
left eye
99
On an eye prescription, what does OU mean?
both eyes
100
On an eye prescription, what does + mean?
farsighted, so need to add (+) more bend
101
On an eye prescription, what does - mean?
nearsighted, so need to decrease (-) bend
102
On an eye prescription, what does AXIS refer to?
astigmatism
103
On on eye prescription, what is the range for sphere?
1 - 9 diopters
104
What is the benchmark for legal blindness?
20/200 with correction, with both eyes
105
How many diopters are generated by an eye?
60
106
Of the 60 diopters per eye, how many are from the cornea?
40 diopters from the cornea
107
Which refractive error requires a concave lens?
myopia
108
Which refractive error requires a convex lens?
hyperopia
109
Which refractive error is caused by a loss of accommodation, usually in 40+ yrs olds?
presbyopia
110
Which term refers to the ability to adjust the focus on an object being viewed?
accommodation
111
Area of space above, below, left and right when visible while looking straight ahead
visual field
112
Each eye sees how many degrees horizontally?
160 degrees
113
How many degrees of overlap are there between the two eyes when working together?
60 degrees
114
Blind spots within the visual field
scotomas
115
Any condition affecting the retina will affect which visual dysfunction?
visual field
116
What term describes the hemisphere you can't see?
hemianopsia
117
Visual field losses can be described as __ or __
lateral or central
118
Using two eyes together to form a three-dimensional object
stereopsis
119
Ability to see the world in 3-d and perceive distance using cues from one or both eyes
depth perception
120
Double vision
diplopia
121
Double vision in just one eye
monocular diplopia
122
When the brain fails to process input from one eye and over time favors one eye over the other (lazy eye)
amblyopia
123
When an eye turns in, toward the nose
esotropia
124
When an eye turns out, toward the temple
exotropia
125
When an eye turns downward
hypotropia
126
When an eye turns upward
hypertropia
127
Involuntary movement of the eye
nystagmus
128
Which visual dysfunction is primarily inherited?
color perception
129
Loss of cone receptors which results in total loss of color vision
achromatopsia
130
School activities that will provide challenge for those with color perception problems
maps, charts, graphs, color coding
131
What is the current leading cause of VI in children?
CVI
132
What is the fastest growing visual impairment diagnosis?
CVI
133
Brain problem rather than an eye problem - eyes are physically fine
CVI
134
Absence of visually guided reach (look, look away, touch) is related to which visual dysfunction?
CVI
135
What are the critical windows when children have the most pronounced visual plasticity and opportunity for vision rehabilitation?
0-6 months and 3 years
136
What are some CVI strategies?
more response time, routines, consistency, predictability, focus on daily living skills, simple tasks and goals, visual experiences scheduled for optimal times
137
What is visual acuity at birth?
20/400
138
In a baby, when is 20/20 vision usually achieved by?
2 years
139
What term will doctors use to indicate that a child is not seeing well yet?
delayed visual maturation
140
Functional implication of loss of acuity
severe problem everywhere and all the time
141
Functional implication of loss of accommodation
can't focus on close objects, reading, games, classwork
142
Functional implication of loss of stereopsis
lack of binocular vision, problems with PE, movement, stairs, driving
143
Functional implication of diplopia
double vision, trouble reading, writing, PE
144
Functional implication of glare
excess light entering the eye and decreases visual acuity, problems outside, fluorescent light, whiteboards
145
Functional implication of problems adapting to changes in light levels
cannot adapt to environmental changes in light, photophobia is when even normal light hurts eyes, other conditions may require more light to improve function
146
Which conditions may require more light to improve functional vision?
albinism, RP, stargards, macular degeneration
147
Functional implication of problems with color discrimination
cannot interpret some or all hues of color, maps, charts, getting dressed
148
Functional implication of inability to maintain visual acuity
fatigue, ocular mobility challenges limits ability to use vision, afternoon/homework is an issue because students' eyes are done
149
Functional implication of difficulty obtaining or maintaining fixation on an object
problem going through lunch line, grabbing small items, placing on proper section of tray
150
Functional implication of inability to obtain a complete view of visual field
blind spots (scotoma), problems with sports, crossing the street
151
Functional implication of ambulation difficulties
problem with unfamiliar areas
152
Functional implication of inability to locate objects in the visual field or locate changes in terrain or levels
bleachers, pep rallies, football games, marching band
153
Functional implication of difficulty in recognizing, using, or storing visual information
challenges with spatial or pattern recognition or memory, trouble with color, contrast, complexity
154
What 5 types of needs should be addressed for students with VI?
social skills, self-advocacy, self help, recreation and leisure, interpersonal skills
155
On your prescription, what does ADD mean?
bifocals, diopters added to the lower part of the lens
156
Nickname for presbyopia
long arm syndrome
