Midterm Review (Abd/Sup) Flashcards by Shazeeda Ahmad

The valves of Heister are unique to the:

Cystic duct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Extension of the right lobe of the liver inferior and anterior to the right kidney is termed a(n):

Reidel’s lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A six-week-old infant presents with a history of projectile vomiting. A sagittal sonogram of the upper abdomen suggests what?

Pyloric stenosis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following accurately describes the portal veins?
A. Portal veins are intralobar in location
B. The walls of the portal veins contain lipids.
C. Oxygen-rich blood is transported through the portal veins.
D. The majority of the liver’s blood supply is empties through portal veins.
E. The main portal veins divides into the anterior and posterior portal veins.

A. Portal veins are intralobar in location

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which vascular structure courses posterior to the superior mesenteric artery and anterior to the abdominal aorta? 
A. Splenic vein
B. Left renal vein
C. Splenic artery
D. Left gastric artery
E. Superior mesenteric vein

B. Left renal vein

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A post surgical patient presents with abdominal tenderness and leukocytosis. A sonogram demonstrates a superficial ill-defined mass beneath the surgical incision. Based on the clinical history, the sonographic findings are most suspicious for:

Abscess

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following conditions is associated with secondary subacute thyroiditis?
A. Grave’s disease 
B. Mirizzi syndrome
C. Hashimoto’s disease
D. DeQuervain’s syndrome
E. Courvoisier’s syndrome

D. DeQuervain’s syndrome

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Mirizzi syndrome demonstrates a:

Normal common bile duct

(Mirizzi syndrome demonstrates an immobile calculus in the cystic duct or GB neck, obstructing the CHD. The CHD and intrahepatic biliary ducts are dilated, while the CBD remains normal)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The blunt apex of the renal pyramid is termed the:

Papilla

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following is a clinical symptom of hypothyroidism? 
A. Weight loss
B. Palpitations 
C. Nervousness
D. Exophthalmos
E. Muscle cramps

E. Muscle cramps

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The duct of Santorini empties into the:

Duodenum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hematuria is a possible clinical finding in all of the following abnormalities EXCEPT: 
A. Pyelonephritis
B. Nephrolithiasis 
C. Renal carcinoma
D. Angiomyolipoma 
E. Bladder carcinoma

A. Pyelonephritis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The most common sonographic appearance of the mediastinum testis is described as a(n):

Hyperechoic linear structure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A hepatic abscess is most likely to develop within the:

Right lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The sonographic appearance of candiasis is described as:

Uniform hypoechoic masses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Retroperitoneal fibrosis is more commonly located near large blood vessels in the region of the:

Lumbar spine

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The caudate lobe is located: 
A. Medial to the lesser sac
B. Anterior to the porta hepatis
C. Anterior to the ligamentum venosum 
D. Posterior to the inferior vena cava 
E. Medial to the inferior vena cava

E. Medial to the inferior vena cava

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The gastroduodenal artery arises from which of the following arteries? 
A. Gastric artery
B. Splenic artery
C. Hepatic artery
D. Duodenal artery
E. Superior mesenteric artery

C. Hepatic artery

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Presence of a palpable “thrill” over a vascular structure is highly suspicious for a(n):

Arteriovenous fistula

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An abrupt increase in alkaline phosphatase levels is suggestive of:

Obstructive jaundice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which of the following gallbladder abnormalities is not always pathological in origin? 
A. Cholecystitis 
B. Cholelithiasis 
C. Biliary sludge 
D. Cholesterolosis
E. Adenomyomatosis

C. Biliary sludge

Biliary sludge may develop in cases of prolong fasting or biliary disease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sonographic findings in cases of mesenteric lymphomatous are described by the:

Sandwich sign

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Which benign liver neoplasm is composed of large blood filled cystic spaces?

Cavernous hemangioma

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Predisposing factors correlating with development of renal vein thrombosis include all of the following EXCEPT: 
A. Trauma
B. Renal disease 
C. Overhydration 
D. Malignant renal neoplasm
E. Post surgical complication

C. Overhydration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The coronary vein enters the venous system near the:

Superior border of the porto-splenic confluence

``` Which of the following terms describe the sections of the epididymis? A. Head, body, tail B. Right, left, posterior C. Superior, hilum, and inferior D. Medial, posterior, and lateral E. Superior, midline, and inferior ```

A. Head, body, tail

``` Which of the following structures is most likely mistaken for the splenic artery? A. Celiac axis B. Splenic vein C. Hepatic artery D. Pancreatic duct E. Superior mesenteric artery ```

D. Pancreatic duct

Secretion of the thyroid stimulating hormone is controlled by the:

Pituitary gland

``` All of the following structures attach to the liver by a ligament EXCEPT: A. Stomach B. Diaphragm C. Gallbladder D. Retroperitoneum E. Anterior abdominal wall ```

C. Gallbladder

``` Which of the following structures connects the apex of the bladder with the umbilicus? A. Urinoma B. Ureterocele C. Urachal sinus D. Umbilical hernia E. Meckel’s diverticulum ```

C. Urachal sinus

What structure separates the subphrenic space into two compartments?

Falciform ligament

``` A decrease in serum amylase levels can be associated with: A. Cirrhosis B. Acute pancreatitis C. Biliary obstruction D. Peptic ulcer disease E. Pancreatic carcinoma ```

A. Cirrhosis * decrease in amylase —> cirrhosis & hepatitis * elevated amylase —> acute pancreatitis & peptic ulcer disease

What laboratory value is associated with malignancy in the elderly population?

Alpha-feto protein *This lab value is associated with an underlying malignancy in non-pregnant patients

``` Visceral lymph nodes are located in which of the following? A. Around the aorta B. Near the sacrum C. In the peritoneum D. Near the adrenal glands E. Along the prevertebral vessels ```

C. In the peritoneum

A beaded appearance in the intrahepatic ducts is a sonographic finding in what condition?

Caroli’s disease

Enlarged lymph nodes demonstrating smooth wall margins are most consistent with an underlying:

Infection

``` Which of the following vascular structures is located directly posterior to the neck of the pancreas? A. Inferior vena cava B. Proper hepatic artery C. Gastroduodenal artery D. Superior mesenteric vein E. Superior mesenteric artery ```

D. Superior mesenteric vein *SMV and SPC are both directly posterior to the neck of the pancreas

Bile pigments are produced by the:

Liver

``` Splenomegaly is a consistent finding in which of the following pathologies? A. Cirrhosis B. Biliary obstruction C. Portal hypertension D. Polycystic liver disease E. Portal vein thrombosis ```

C. Portal hypertension

``` Location of a Klatskin tumor is near which of the following structures? A. Adrenal gland B. Hepatic hilum C. IVC D. Head of the pancreas E. Gastroesophageal junction ```

B. Hepatic hilum

``` Which of the following structures is located posterior to the superior mesenteric vein and anterior to the aorta? A. Splenic vein B. Uncinate process C. Body of the pancreas D. Caudate lobe of the liver E. Inferior mesenteric artery ```

B. Uncinate process

The distance between the abdominal aorta and the superior mesenteric artery should not exceed:

11mm

``` Which of the following will likely demonstrate a rapid increase in size on serial examinations? A. Cyst B. Seroma C. Urinoma D. Hematoma E. Lymphocele ```

C. Urinoma

``` Which of the following conditions is more likely to result in acute pancreatitis? A. Cirrhosis B. Diverticulitis C. Cholelithiasis D. Hyperthyroidism E. Portal hypertension ```

C. Cholelithiasis *Biliary disease is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis followed by alcohol abuse

What lab value reflects the balance between production and excretion of bile?

Bilirubin

A complication generally occuring within days of a renal transplant:

Renal vein thrombosis *Renal artery stenosis typically occurs months to years after transplantation

Vascular structures are more prominent in which portion of the scrotum?

Inferior

``` Which of the following structures is NOT located within the perirenal space? A. Aorta B. Ureters C. Kidneys D. Adrenal glands E. Descending duodenum ```

E. Descending duodenum *Descending duodenum is located in the anterior pararenal space

The kidneys, adrenal glands, perinephric fat, ureters, renal vessels, aorta, inferior vena cava, and lymph nodes are located within what region in the body?

Perirenal space

A patient with a history of splenomegaly demonstrates multiple tubular structures posterior to the left lobe of the liver. These tubular structures are most suspicious for:

Gastric varices

What hormone stimulates contraction of the gallbladder?

Cholecytokinin

``` Which complication is most likely associated with an annular pancreas? A. Hepatitis B. Pancreatitis C. Cholelithiasis D. Bowel obstruction E. Urinary obstruction ```

D. Bowel obstruction *Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anomaly where the head of the pancreas surrounds the duodenum. This anomaly may result in obstruction of the duodenum or biliary tree.

``` Proteinuria is a common clinical finding in which of the following conditions? A. Hypotension B. Hydronephrosis C. Glomerulonephritis D. Hyperparathyroidism E. Medullary sponge disease ```

C. Glomerulonephritis *Proteinuria is a finding in cases of glomerulonephritis, nephrolithiasis, renal carcinoma, polycystic disease, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus

Which branch of the aorta supplies the ascending colon?

Superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

A splenic rupture below the splenic capsule will appear on ultrasound as a:

Crescent shaped fluid collection inferior to the diaphragm

``` Marked elevation, in which of the following laboratory tests, is associated with obstructive jaundice? A. Serum albumin B. Indirect bilirubin C. Alpha-fetoprotein D. Alkaline phosphatase E. Alanine amniotransferase ```

D. Alkaline phosphatase

``` Sonographic findings associated with acute hepatitis may include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Hepatomegaly B. Splenomegaly C. Irregular liver contour D. Prominent portal veins E. Hypoechoic liver parenchyma ```

C. Irregular liver contour

``` Clinical findings associated with an ileus may include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Fever B. Constipation C. Abdominal pain D. Nausea and vomiting E. Hyperactive bowel sounds ```

E. Hyperactive bowel sounds

``` Complications associated with acute pancreatitis include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Phlegmon B. Pseudocyst C. Splenomegaly D. Abscess formation E. Duodenal obstruction ```

C. Splenomegaly

``` An endocrine function of the pancreas includes secretion of: A. Lipase B. Pepsin C. Gastrin D. Amylase E. Glucagon ```

E. Glucagon * Endocrine pancreatic functions —> secretion of glucagon, insulin, somatostatin * Exocrine pancreatic functions —> amylase, lipase, trypsin

``` Galactoceles develop in which of the following patients? A. Pre-menarche patients B. Post-surgical patients C. Post-menopausal patients D. Post-partum patients E. Peri-menopausal patients ```

D. Post-partum patients

An inward extension of the renal cortex describes a:

Column of Bertin *Dromedary hump —> outward cortical bulge

``` The presence of gallbladder varices raises suspicion for: A. Acute hepatitis B. Peliosis hepatitis C. Acute pancreatitis D. Choledocholithiasis E. Portal vein thrombosis ```

E. Portal vein thrombosis *Gallbladder varices are generally a result of portal vein thrombosis, portal hypertension, and cholecystitis

``` In cases of renal sinus lipomatosis, sonographic findings may include of the following EXCEPT: A. Renal atrophy B. Hyperechoic renal sinus C. Irregular renal contour D. Hyperechoic renal cortex E. Decreased cortical thickness ```

C. Irregular renal contour

Portal veins appear prominent on ultrasound because the walls contain:

Fibrin

Which of the following structures divides the left lobe into two segments? A. Left portal vein and ligamentum teres B. Middle hepatic vein and main lobar fissure C. Left hepatic vein and ligamentum venosum D. Left hepatic vein and ligamentum teres E. Main portal vein and ligamentum venosum

D. Left hepatic vein and ligamentum teres

The left lobe of the liver is separated from the right lobe by what two structures?

Middle hepatic vein | Main lobar fissure

``` Extended use of oral contraceptives is a predisposing factor in developing which of the following hepatic neoplasms? A. Cyst B. Adenoma C. Hepatoma D. Cystadenoma E. Cavernous hemangioma ```

B. Adenoma

The diameter of the main pancreatic duct should not exceed:

2mm

The main lobar fissure is a sonographic landmark used for locating the:

Gallbladder fossa

``` Which of the following laboratory tests will most likely elevate in cases of non-obstructive jaundice? A. Serum albumin B. Indirect bilirubin C. Alkaline phosphatase D. Conjugated bilirubin E. Aspertate aminotransferase ```

B. Indirect bilirubin

``` Which of the following structures in located anterior to the IVC? A. Spine B. Psoas muscle C. Right adrenal gland D. Head of pancreas E. Crura of the diaphragm ```

D. Head of pancreas

``` Clinical findings associated with Addison’s disease include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Dehydration B. Chronic fatigue C. Emotional changes D. Bronze skin pigmentation E. Decreased serum potassium ```

E. Decreased serum potassium

Which of the following accurately describes the spleen? A. The spleen is a retroperitoneal organ B. The kidney is located anterior to the spleen C. The spleen is located medial to the pancreas D. The peritoneum completely covers the spleen E. The spleen lies posterior and lateral to the stomach

E. The spleen lies posterior and lateral to the stomach *Spleen is located within the peritoneum. Peritoneum covers the spleen except at the hilum.

When empty, bladder wall thickness should not exceed:

5mm

A metabolic disorder resulting from excessive production of cortisol describes what condition?

Cushing’s syndrome

The gallbladder lies posterior and inferior to the:

Main lobar fissure

The gallbladder lies lateral to the:

IVC

The gallbladder lies anterior medial to the:

Right kidney

Which of the following is NOT a sonographic finding associated with Achilles’ tendonitis? A. Irregular margins B. Hypervascular tendon C. Thickening of the tendon D. Tendon thickness exceeding 7mm E. Prominent hyperechoic areas interspersed within the tendon

E. Prominent hyperechoic areas interspersed within the tendon

``` Elevation in serum lipase is NOT associated with which of the following conditions? A. Cirrhosis B. Acute pancreatitis C. Acute cholecystitis D. Chronic pancreatitis E. Pancreatic neoplasm ```

D. Chronic pancreatitis

``` Which of the following is an abnormal flow characteristic of the hepatic veins? A. Pulsatile B. Hepatopetal C. Multiphasic D. Spontaneous E. Slow flow velocity ```

B. Hepatopetal *Hepatic veins course away from the liver toward the IVC termed hepatofugal flow. Hepatic veins demonstrate spontaneous multiphasic (pulsatile) flow

``` Which sonographic finding suggests renal transplant rejection? A. Superficial location B. Hyperechoic renal sinus C. A circular renal contour D. Hypoechoic renal cortex E. Prominent columns of Bertin ```

C. A circular renal contour

``` Hyperparathyroidism may lead to which of the following renal pathologies? A. Hydronephrosis B. Pyelonephritis C. Nephrolithiasis D. Acute tubular necrosis E. Multicystic dysplasia ```

C. Nephrolithiasis *Excessive function of the parathyroid glands may lead to osteoporosis and nephrolithiasis

``` A contracted gallbladder is a common sonographic finding in which of the following conditions? A. Cholesterolosis B. Adenomyomatosis C. Portal hypertension D. Chronic cholecystitis E. Metastatic gallbladder disease ```

D. Chronic cholecystitis

Acute tubular necrosis demonstrates on ultrasound as:

Bilateral renal enlargement with hyperechoic renal pyramids

A seven-year-old child presents with severe abdominal pain and abnormal bowel patterns. Based on the clinical history, the sonogram is most likely suspicious for:

Intussusception

In a renal transplant patient, a lymphocele is generally located:

Medial

How many centimeters below the SMA do the main renal arteries arise?

1.0 - 1.5 cm

``` Which of the following anatomical variants involve the fundus of the gallbladder? A. Junctional fold B. Fetal lobulation C. Phrygians cap D. Hartmann’s pouch E. Multiseptated gallbladder ```

C. Phrygians cap

A transplanted kidney is commonly placed in the:

Right iliac fossa

The spermatic vein is considered dilated once the diameter exceeds:

4mm

Gallbladder enlargement is suggested once the transverse diameter exceeds:

5cm

A true abdominal aortic aneurysms is defined as dilatation of the aorta:

With a diameter measuring 3 cm or greater

All of the following statements accurately describe the location of the kidneys EXCEPT: A. The left kidney lies superior to the right kidney B. The kidneys lie medial to the transversus abdominus muscles C. The inferior poles of the kidneys lie anterior to the psoas muscles D. The inferior pole lies medial to the superior pole of each kidney E. The kidneys lie anterior and lateral to the quadratus lumborum muscle

D. The inferior pole lies medial to the superior pole of each kidney *The inferior pole of the kidneys are located lateral and anterior when compared to the superior pole

The subhepatic space communicates with the lesser sac through the foramen of:

Winslow

``` Progression of which of the following abnormalities flattens the portal vein? A. Ascariasis B. Pneumobilia C. Portal hypertension D. Biliary obstruction E. Portal vein thrombosis ```

D. Biliary obstruction

A congenital anomaly associated with the fusion of the kidneys by a connecting isthmus describes a:

Horseshoe kidney

``` Which of the following laboratory increases in Addison’s disease? A. Cortisol B. Calcitonin C. Aldosterone D. Serum sodium E. Serum potassium ```

E. Serum potassium

The renal cortex is bound by the renal capsule and:

Arcuate vessels

Which of the following most accurately describes the location of the common hepatic duct? A. Medial to the main portal vein and anterior to the proper hepatic artery B. Anterior to the main portal vein and lateral to the proper hepatic artery C. Lateral to the main portal vein and medial to the common hepatic artery D. Anterior to the main portal vein and medial to the proper hepatic artery E. Anterior to the main portal vein and posterior to the proper hepatic artery

B. Anterior to the main portal vein and lateral to the proper hepatic artery

Elevation in creatinine levels is associated with:

Renal failure, chronic nephritis, or urinary obstruction

The expected sonographic appearance of a subacute hematoma is described as a(n):

Complex mass

The main portal vein supplies blood to which organ?

The liver

Dehydration increases the risk for developing:

Renal vein thrombosis

Which arteries are termed the hypogastric arteries?

Internal iliac arteries

``` Which of the following liver pathologies is associated with glycogen storage disease? A. Hepatitis B. Adenoma C. Hepatoma D. Polycystic disease E. Cavernous hemangioma ```

B. Adenoma

``` The “water lily” sign is associated with which of the following abnormalities? A. Hydronephrosis B. Echinococcal cyst C. Chronic pancreatitis D. Hepatic cystadenoma E. Polycystic liver disease ```

B. Echinococcal cyst

Which of the following accurately describes the sonographic appearance of the seminal vesicles? A. Hyperechoic structures inferior to the prostate gland B. Hypoechoic structures superior to the prostate gland C. Hypoechoic structures medial to the prostate gland D. Anechoic structures within the central zone of the prostate gland E. Anechoic structures within the peripheral zone of the prostate gland

B. Hypoechoic structures superior to the prostate gland

Prothrombin is an enzyme produced by the:

Liver

Malignancy is more likely to develop in which portion of the pancreas?

Head

The main lobar fissure is a landmark used to locate the:

Gallbladder fossa

A patient presents with sudden onset of upper abdominal pain. Ultrasound demonstrates prominence in the stomach rugae. These findings are most suspicious for:

Gastritis

Hyperechoic foci within the intrahepatic ducts most likely represents:

Pneumobilia

``` Which of the following enzymes will most likely affect blood pressure? A. Renin B. Trypsin C. Secretin D. Aldosterone E. Somatostatin ```

A. Renin

``` Cryptorchism has a predisposing risk factor for developing which of the following abnormalities? A. Orchitis B. Hydrocele C. Varicocele D. Malignancy E. Spermatocele ```

D. Malignancy

If cholelithiasis is discovered on an ultrasound, the sonographer must determine the:

Mobility of the stone(s)

Focal dilatation of the anterior wall of the abdominal aorta describes a:

Saccular aneurysm

``` A patients presents with a history of abdominal pain to rule out Budd-Chiari syndrome. The sonographer should thoroughly evaluate which of the following organs? A. Liver B. Spleen C. Kidneys D. Pancreas E. Adrenal glands ```

A. Liver

``` Which of the following neoplasms is commonly located in the tail of the pancreas? A. Cyst B. Adenoma C. Phlegmon D. Islet cell tumor E. Adenocarcinoma ```

D. Islet cell tumor

Connective tissue separating the peripheral and central zones of the prostate gland is/are termed:

Surgical capsule

``` Which of the following conditions is associated with secondary subacute thyroiditis? A. Grave’s disease B. Mirizzi syndrome C. Hashimoto’s disease D. DeQuervain’s syndrome E. Courvoisier’s syndrome ```

D. DeQuervain’s syndrome

The liver is considered enlarged once the length exceeds:

18 cm

``` Sonographic findings associated with chronic pancreatitis include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Atrophy B. Calcifications C. Smooth margins D. Hyperechoic parenchyma E. Prominent pancreatic duct ```

C. Smooth margins

``` The tail of the pancreas is located: A. Medial to the spine B. Lateral to the spleen C. Superior to the stomach D. Anterior to the left kidney E. Posterior to the renal hilum ```

D. Anterior to the left kidney

Which laboratory value reveals cell injury or damage?

Aspartate aminotransferase

The wall thickness in a normal fasting gallbladder should not exceed:

3mm

Abnormal Doppler findings associated with a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) include:

Stent velocity below 60cm/sec *Normal flow velocities within the stent range from 60 -225 cm/sec

Sharp, severe flank pain radiating to the groin describes:

Renal colic

``` Techniques to improve visualization of the pancreas include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Suspended expiration B. Valsalva maneuver C. Suspended inspiration D. Distending the stomach with air E. Using the liver as an acoustic window ```

D. Distending the stomach with air

Production of prothrombin depends on the amount of vitamin:

The coronary vein enters the venous system near the:

Superior border of the porto-splenic confluence

A round anechoic mass adjacent to the renal pelvis is most likely a(n):

Parapelvic cyst

The protective connective tissue surrounding each kidney is termed:

Renal capsule

``` A small hyperechoic pancreas is most suspicious for which of the following abnormalities? A. Islet cell tumor B. Cystic fibrosis C. Angiomyelipoma D. Fatty infiltration E. Chronic pancreatitis ```

E. Chronic pancreatitis

``` Which of the following arteries arises caudal to the inferior mesenteric artery? A. Lumbar B. Gonadal C. Infrarenal D. Median sacral E. Inferior phrenic ```

D. Median sacral

``` The inferior poles of the kidneys lie: A. Lateral to the superior poles B. Medial to the liver or spleen C. Posterior to the superior poles D. Cephalic to the superior poles E. Posterior to the psoas muscles ```

A. Lateral to the superior poles

``` Which of the following is the optimal technique for evaluating the kidneys? A. Harmonic imaging B. Patient lying supine C. Empty urinary bladder D. Phased array linear transducer E. Lowest possible transducer frequency ```

C. Empty urinary bladder

``` Risk factors associated with development of a Wilms tumor include all of the following EXCEPT: A. Omphalocele B. Hemihypertrophy C. Sporadic aniridia D. Polysplenia syndrome E. Beckwith-Weidermann syndrome ```

D. Polysplenia syndrome

Midterm Review (Abd/Sup) Flashcards

(139 cards)