Midterm Review - ANPH108 Flashcards
1
Q
What cells make bones?
A
Osteoblasts
2
Q
What cells make cartilage?
A
Chondrocytes
3
Q
What is produced by fibroblast/what do they make?
A
collagen
4
Q
What are the main types of human tissues?
A
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
5
Q
What are the germ layers?
A
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
6
Q
divisions of metabolism?
A
Catabolism
Anabolism
7
Q
How are the divisions of metabolism controlled?
A
by homeostasis
8
Q
What is the name of the sensors for temperature control?
A
Thermal Receptor, Baro receptor
9
Q
Name of the sensors for position?
A
Postural receptors
10
Q
What is the name of the plain that divides the body into anterior/posterior?
A
Frontal
11
Q
What is the name of the internal diameter of the pipe?
A
Lumen
12
Q
What does lumen mean?
A
Light
13
Q
In regards to the torso what are the hands and feet?
A
Distal
14
Q
Main organ in hypo gastrin?
A
Urinary bladder, female parts
15
Q
Main organs in epi gastrin
A
Stomach, pancreas (part), liver (part)
16
Q
What are the muscles in relation to the body?
A
Primary movers
17
Q
What are the two main instructors of the left ?
A
Spleen and splenic angle of colon
18
Q
What is in the right hypercondrium?
A
Liver, head of pancreas, duodenum, epitic angle of colon
19
Q
What is after descending segment of the colon?
A
Sigmoid column
20
Q
What are the functions of every muscle?
A
Contraction, relaxation, excitability, heat production
21
Q
Is sarcolemma the same as endoesium?
A
False, endo covers sarcolemma
22
Q
What is the name of the membrane that covers the muscle as a whole?
A
Muscle fascia
23
Q
What is the name of the instructor between 2 “z disks”
A
Sarcomere
24
Q
What is inside one sarcomere?
A
Thin and thick filament
25
When actin and myosin are interacting what is formed?
Cross bridges
26
What is the name of the proteins that allow contractility of the muscles?
Actin, myosin, tropin and tropinmyosin
27
What is the difference between smooth muscle and striated muscle?
Smooth muscle has calmodulin
28
What does cytoplasmic reticulum do?
Pumping and restore calcium
29
When muscle use ADP for contraction?
Always, for contraction and relaxation. Always spending energy
30
How many nuclei are in one muscle fibre?
1
31
How cardiac muscle make connection to other muscle fibres?
Intercalated disks
32
What myosin heads made from?
Myosin
33
What surrounds myosin fibres?
Thick filament
34
What "t tubals" in respect to micro fibres?
Perpendicular
| Saltatory –jumping
35
What is the name of the space between the end plate and the muscle fibre?
Synaptic gap
36
What kind of transmission occurs at the synaptic level?
Chemical
37
What covers and uncovers the active places of actin?
Tropomyosin
38
What fixes the position?
Troponin
39
Muscular nerve travels on?
Sarcolemma
40
If somebody says the aerobic pathway
False
41
Which is faster? Anaerobic or aerobic
Anaerobic is faster but short lasting
42
The residual volume will be reduced with exercise?
Cannot be reduced
43
Is the residual volume part of the vital capacity?
No
44
What is the inter-pleural pressure in respect to the other two?
Has to be relativity negative, smaller then both
45
If you want to keep air in lungs, what is the condition?
The pressure in the lungs has to be more than the pressure outside
46
What is the name of the tool to take breath?
You blow in and the ball goes up. Spiral
47
What is the inspiratory capacity?
Tidal volume + inspiratory volume
48
What is the only for cellular respiratory system to exist?
Burning sugar
49
What is the instructor of the respiratory membrane?
2 basement membrane sandwich between capillary endothelium
50
What are the palatine bones?
Two bones form the posterior part of the hard palate
| Vertical portion forms the lateral wall of the posterior part of each nasal cavity
51
How many palatine plates there?
2
52
What bone is the owner of the cribriform plate?
The cribriform plate is located in the ethmoid
53
What is the name of side to side communication for sinus?
None
54
What covers the sinus?
Mucus membrane, respiratory epithelium
55
What is the final destination of the sinus system?
Nasal cavity
56
When palatine tonsils visible?
They aren’t visible to airway check
57
What is the smallest cartilage of the larynx?
Epiglottis
58
What type of cartilage is the epiglottis?
Elastic cartilage
59
Other types of cartilage
Elastic
60
What separates the cells from the surroundings?
Cell membrane
61
What is the attaching layer?
Lipid ends
62
What do we use to make phospholipid bilayers?
Fatty chains, triglyceride
63
Internal component of cell membrane?
Cholesterol
64
What is cell markers? MCI made from?
Glycoproteins
65
Who packages fats?
Golgi apparatus
66
What is the difference between liposome and protostome?
Protostomes are liposome with hydrogen peroxide
67
What is the tissue containing less protostome?
Nervous
68
What is the tissue containing higher protostome?
Liver/white blood cells
69
If we were to take mitochondria in muscles and inject into another person what will happen?
MHC rejected, different dna consided bacteria
70
What are the base pairs for DNA?
Adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine
71
What pairs go together?
A with T and C with G
72
What kind of movements are develop by cilia and flagella
Cilia moves all over, flagella moves like swimming snake
73
Why the water always past from the highest solute concentrate to lowest solute concentrate?
Goes opposite way, dam nader
74
When a cell swells, what is it?
Picnotic (opposite of crenation)
75
Are gated channels active or passive?
Passive
76
What is the purpose?
Choose what it wants to let in
77
What is the name of the selected channel for water?
Aqua pourin
78
Cell release substances by diap something?
Cells use exocytosis
79
What kind of enzymes
Oxidation
80
From glycolysis, what is taking into mitochondria to equal total amount of energy?
DPG aka diphosphoglycerate
81
What kind of organelle is the nucleus?
Membranous
82
What is the organelle that is inside the nucleus?
Nucleolus
83
What is the role of the Nucleolus?
Producing RNA
84
What is the organelle in charge of destroying misfolded proteins?
Proteasomes
85
What is the name of the non-sexual reproduction of the cells?
Mitosis
86
Name of the sexual reproduction of the cells?
Meiosis
87
What is the important component of the cell membrane to resilient?
Cholesterol
88
What is the mechanism by which cells acquire substances?
Endocytosis
| Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis
89
If a cell is swollen because of too much water, how would you describe it?
Picnosis
90
If a cell is dehydrated, what is it called?
Crenated/Crenation
91
What is the meaning of MHC?
Major histocompatibility complex
92
What is the generic name for the ports that allow entry into the cell?
IMPs – integral membrane proteins
93
What is the relationship between MHCs and IMPs?
None, there is no relation between he two
94
If one IMP is destined to recognize one hormone to be docked?
Signal transduction
95
Example of a non-membranous organelle
Ribosomes
| Proteasomes
96
Which organelles are able to create
```
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
```
97
What is the ER attached to?
Nucleus
98
What is the role of loose ribosomes?
Producing proteins for internal use
99
What is the smooth ER?
- Synthesis lipids and hormones
| - Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Proteoglycan
100
What are the components of the Ribosomes?
- Large and small sub unit
| - Made from RNA and protein
101
What does RRNA stand for?
Reading Ribonucleic Acid
102
When the Ribosome consumes amino acids to produce proteins, at the end it releases….
Polypeptide
103
When a protein bonds to another protein, what is the bond called?
Peptideic bond
104
What is the name of the dead end of the golgi apparatus where it gets pinched off?
Cisternae
105
What are the 4 nano motors or nano bots?
Myosis
Dynein
Kinesin
Tropomyosin
106
What is the name of the digestive system of the cell?
Lysosome
107
What is the result of the fusion between one phagosome and one lysosome?
Nothing, joins together to create phagolysosome
108
What is the name of non useable substances in cell?
Residual body
109
How do proteasomes locate which proteins are good and which are bad?
Ubiquitin
110
What kind of an enzymes is used to break down a peptidic bonds?
Protases
111
Name on organelle that is rich in proteases.
Proteasomes
112
How many antechambers have proteasomes?
2
| Superior and inferior chamber
113
What kind of organelle is a peroxisome?
Lysosome
114
What is the name of the internal convolution?
Cristae
115
Which mitochondria are rich?
Oxidation reduction enzymes
116
What is the sinequanon factor that mitochondria need for function?
Oxygen
117
What is very specific to the mitochondria?
They have their own DNA
118
How does the nucleus become aware of the body?
Nucleus Pores
119
What covers the nuclear plasm?
Nuclear envelope
120
What strands of DNA are loose in the nucleoplasm, what are they called?
Chromatin
121
When ready for division, what happens to the chromatin?
Turns into Chromosomes for easy division
122
The functions of the nucleus are the functions of what?
Functions of DNA
123
What is the Cytoskeleton used for?
- Sensitive organ for the cell
- Detecting movements and facilitating movements
- Only sperm cells have movement, flagella
124
What contains cilia?
- Trachea
| - Fallopian tubes
125
What is the Organelle that creates the stuff for the cytoskeleton?
Centrosome/centrioles
126
Where are the microvilli located?
- Intestines
127
Electrical Synccytium
- Electrical place at once
| - Synchronicity
128
Example of cells that contain villi.
goblet cells?
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial?
129
Why is peroxisome called peroxisome?
Peroxisomes break down organic molecules by the process of oxidation to produce hydrogen peroxide.
130
If finger 1 is lateral, what is finger 3?
medial
131
Define lipocyte…
Fat cells?
132
Leukopenia
Means reduced white blood cells. Decreased number of leukocytes.
133
Biliverdin
Green bile pigment, and is a product of heme catabolism. Sometimes seen in bruises
134
Word for black
Melano is black,
135
Word for yellow
Xanth(o)
136
How to say correct position
Orthostatic
137
What is the mediastinum in relation to the lateralstinum?
Both are medial, just a geographical location
138
What is the name for blue? When someone is blue, what word would you use to describe them?
Cyanos
139
Flat mean what?
Platho. Ex. Plathelminth (flat parasite, if round would be nemathelminth) Vermiform is a worm, not a parasite
140
Lack of sensation
Anaesthesia
141
how to say headache
cephalea
142
if one baby is born feet first, how do you call the position?
Pordalic?
143
Pedos means?
Kid, or child
144
What do you call the analysis of stools/feces?
Coprology/coprologist
145
What happens in glycolysis?
When sugars are broken down into energy…
146
What do oxidation enzymes do?
To release energy
147
How does catabolism builds things up?
It doesn’t, it breaks things down
148
Where are chondrocytes located?
In cartilage, tendant, scar
149
Are compact phyliofact different kinds of cartilage?
No
150
One example of something made out of elastic fibers (elastin)
Ligaments!
151
What kind of epithelium is the skin?
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
152
What epithelium covers the blood vessels
Simple squamous
153
Goblet cells produce what?
Mucus
154
What is the Pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Columnar cells of differing heights; all cells rest on basement membrance but may not reach the free surface above.
155
what are 3 functions of the epithelium
secretion
| sensation
156
can epitheliums reproduce?
YES! Only 3 things can, bones, liver and the epithliums
157
What is the name of the complex living material around the cells?
Mesenchyma
158
What are the germinal layers?
Endoderm
Mesoderm (middle)
Ectoderm
159
What is the feedback we owe our lives to?
Negative feedback
160
In order to maintain one system to remain homeostatic (senoquanom)
Sensor and effector
161
what is the meaning of transverse?
Top and bottom
162
What divides the body into front and back?
Coronal/frontal
163
What is the definition of lumen?
The internal diameter of a body structure (like the diameter of a pipe)
164
What is one foot to the other (relation)
Contralateral (different sides)
165
Explain how the stomach can be described as hypogastric.
It is not, it is epigastric. Internal reproductive and bladder are found in the hypogastric
166
What is in the right hypochondria region?
Liver
167
Where is the left kidney located?
The left lumbar
168
Upper and lower extremities belong to the attachments subdivision
FALSE,
169
What is attached to the Axial Skeleton?
Skull, vertebrae, and ribs
170
what is the cranial and spinal cavity?
The dorsal cavity
171
What is in the umbilical area?
Only the small intestines
172
What is the biggest structure in your left flank?
Descending colon (part of the large intestine)
173
What is the meaning of the word ipsilateral?
same side (ex left arm and left leg)
174
list the tissue types
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle
175
what is lingual?
- Area referred to the tongue
176
What do proteasomes do?
Breakdown misfolded proteins
177
What is the function of the respiratory system?
- Filters, humidifies, warms air
- Participates in gas exchange
- Participates in speech
- Allows olfactory
