Midterm Review

Question 1

Paleolithic Era

Answer 1

Nomadic
Hunt and Gather
Less reliable food source
Healthier
Small Groups

Question 2

Neolithic Era

Answer 2

Settle in once place
Agriculture (farm)
Domesticate animals
Larger groups
More reliable food source
Less healthy
Growth of cities
1st civilizations develop

Question 3

Early civilizations started in ….

Answer 3

River Valleys

Question 4

Why did early civilizations start on River Valleys?

Answer 4

Fertile soil made for good crops

Question 5

Some examples of River Valley Civilizations are …

Answer 5

Mesopotamia
Egypt
China
Indus River Valley

Question 6

Some innovations that formed in River Valley civilizations were …

Answer 6

Irrigation Systems
Terrace Farming (China)

Question 7

Where was Mesopotamia located

Answer 7

Fertile Crescent

Question 8

Mesopotamia was the …

Answer 8

First civilization

Question 9

Central location leads to trade and ….

Answer 9

Cultural Diffusion

Question 10

Lack of natural barriers lead to …

Answer 10

Areas being invaded and controlled

Question 11

King Hammurabi of Babylon created the first system of …

Answer 11

Codified laws

Question 12

Why did Hammurabi create Hammurabi’s Code?

Answer 12

To create social order

Question 13

Judaism developed in Mesopotamia and was the first … religion

Answer 13

Monotheistic

Question 14

What is monotheism?

Answer 14

The belief of one God

Question 15

What is polytheism?

Answer 15

The belief of many Gods

Question 16

What were the 10 Commandments?

Answer 16

Moral code of conduct for Judaism

Question 17

Jewish Diaspora is when …

Answer 17

Babylon conquered Judah and Jewish people held in captivity in Babylon (became more unified & “people of the book”)
When able to leave they spread out & settled in many different places

Question 18

Classical Civilizations are …

Answer 18

Larger empires
More interconnected to each other through trans-regional trade routes
Experiences golden ages
Created innovations that impact later societies and still impact us today

Question 19

Some examples of Classical Civilizations are …

Answer 19

Mauryan Empire
Qin Dynasty
Gupta Empire
Han Dynasty
Ancient Greece
Rome

Question 20

Golden Ages are …

Answer 20

Time periods of innovations and new ideas in art, science, architecture, literature, math and technologies.
Spread to other societies through cultural diffusion.
Impact later societies which build off of those ideas (collective learning)

Question 21

When did the Golden Ages happen?

Answer 21

During times of social stability and economic prosperity

Question 22

What was the geography of India?

Answer 22

Geography
Seldom united because distance and Deccan plateau.

Himalayan mts. protected and isolated India.

Trade through the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean Trade Complex)

Question 23

What were the two main religions of India?

Answer 23

Hinduism and Buddhism

Question 24

Hinduism:

Answer 24

Hinduism
Reincarnation - belief that the soul is reborn into a new body. The better kharma one has the better life they are born into.

Question 25

Caste System:

Answer 25

Caste System ones place in society is determined by their actions in their past life. Rigid social hierarchy (no social mobility) Determined all aspects of a person's life

Question 26

Buddhism:

Answer 26

Buddhism Founded by Siddhartha Gautama - The Buddha “Enlightened One” in the 6th century BCE They followed... Reincarnation Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path - moral code of conduct. Shows how to end suffering. Can reach enlightenment through meditation. Rejects the Caste System. Spread to China and East Asia through trade routes

Question 27

What was the Mauryan Empire?

Answer 27

Strong central government Built roads which united empire

Question 28

Who was Emperor Ashoka?

Answer 28

Emperor Ashoka ruled at its height. He converted to Buddhism after seeing suffering in war. Spread Buddhism Wrote edict enforcing religious tolerance

Question 29

What was the Gupta Empire?

Answer 29

Strong central government Traded on Indian Ocean Trade Complex

Question 30

What was the Golden Age of India?

Answer 30

Universities taught math, physics, language and literature Created number system we use today Created concept of zero and decimal system Fell when invaded by the Huns

Question 31

What is the Geography of China?

Answer 31

Isolated because of distance and geographic barriers. Himalayan mountains Gobi Desert Created distinct cultures and language.

Question 32

What were the main beliefs of China?

Answer 32

Legalism and Confucianism

Question 33

Legalism:

Answer 33

Legalism Subservience to ruling court. Everyone treated equally under a fixed set of laws. Laws made public Follow law = rewarded break law = harshly punished Used by the Qin Dynasty to create social stability after the warring states period

Question 34

Confucianism:

Answer 34

Confucianism Founded by Confucius to bring order to society during the warring states period. Brought order through proper behavior based on your role in society. Filial Piety - respect for one's parents, elders and ancestors 5 relationships: Code of conduct One’s duty or responsibility Brought social order *Basis for the Civil Service tests = becomes ingrained in Chinese society

Question 35

In China, there were two dynasties:

Answer 35

Qin and Han

Question 36

Qin Dynasty:

Answer 36

Shi Huangdi first emperor of a unified China (after warring states period) Used Legalism to maintain social order Authoritarian government Harsh laws and punishments People rebelled after his death Standardized writing system, money, customs, measurements Started work on the Great Wall of China. Burned all works of literature & philosophy in order to end dissent

Question 37

Han Dynasty:

Answer 37

Mandate of Heaven belief Heaven had chosen the dynasty to rule Heaven supported dynasty as long as Emperor ruled well Confucianism became official belief system of the state Civil service exams government officials got positions because of merit rather than family background or connections - Test based on Confucianism Improved canals & roads = more trade Silk Road linked China and the west Exported silk Cultural diffusion Buddhism came to China Golden Age More accurate calendar Medicine; acupuncture, anesthetics Most technologically advanced society at the time Invented; paper, rudder, fishing reel, wheelbarrow, suspension bridges Fell because high taxes, foreign invasion &emperors lost power

Question 38

Ancient Greece had two city-states:

Answer 38

Athens and Sparta

Question 39

Geography of Ancient Greece:

Answer 39

Geography Mountains on 80% of land and many islands lead to Greece developing into independent City-States instead of being united. Used the seas to trade for what they needed.

Question 40

Golden Age of Greece:

Answer 40

Golden Age of Athens First democracy Athenian leader Pericles promoted art, literature and philosophy Architecture; columns Art; sculpture (realistic and idealistic forms) Philosophy; Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Theater; dramas and comedies Medicine; Hippocratic Oath Math; Pythagorean Theorem Alexander the Great spread Greek culture when he expanded his empire. Creating Hellenistic Culture; blending of Greek, Egyptian, Indian and Persian cultures Greek knowledge and culture was used and built upon by the Romans

Question 41

Geography of Rome:

Answer 41

Geography Alps protected Rome Fertile plains on Italian peninsula provided food Mediterranean sea allowed for trade and expansion of empire

Question 42

Rome:

Answer 42

Roman Empire & Pax Romana Emperor Augustus expanded the Roman Empire and brought in a time of peace and a Roman Golden Age called Pax Romana. Roman achievements included; Strong central government able to maintain power over a large empire Laws (12 tables), strong innoventive military, roads, building projects, free entertainment, allowed conquered people to keep their own religion and culture Engineering Roman roads unified empire and maintained power by allowing army to quickly get around Aqueducts brought fresh water to the cities Architecture Pantheon; use of the dome Coliseum used Greek columns and Roman arches Used to entertain the people of Rome (bread and circuses) Art Inspired by Greek ideas; greater use of realism Literature Cicero - Roman senator tried to uphold the ideals of the republic during the civil wars and the final days of the Roman Republic Virgil - considered Rome’s greatest poet; wrote the Aeneid

Question 43

Christianity of Rome

Answer 43

Christianity originated in the Roman Empire in 30 CE Early christians were persecuted; burned at the stake, feed to the lions. As more people converted Roman emperors realized it would help them maintain power if there were christian as well. 390 CE Christianity became the official religion of Rome. Christianity remained powerful in Western Europe even after Rome fell.

Question 44

Cultural Diffusion

Answer 44

Cultural Diffusion: Spread of religions Buddhism to China Christianity through Roman empire Islam to Africa Exchange of goods Silk, salt, gold, slaves… Spread of Ideas/innovations Gunpower, paper making Language Currency

Question 45

Western Empire

Answer 45

Western Europe Dangerous & unstable Breakdown of central government Decline of trade Feudal System emerges People seek safety with landowners Manorialism system Rise in power of Catholic Church

Question 46

Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire)

Answer 46

Byzantine Empire in the east Strong Central government Location on the trade networks leads to wealth, interaction and cultural diffusion Continues to use Greek and Roman knowledge, and builds upon it Emperor has power over the Eastern Orthodox Church

Question 47

Feudalism

Answer 47

Feudalism was a social hierarchy based on land ownership. Serfs worked the land and provided all the food and labor for the upper level of society.

Question 48

Byzantine Empire

Answer 48

Location of Constantinople was at the center of two continents and was located on two trade routes. This lead to cultural diffusion and wealth for the Byzantine Empire