Midterm - seminar #1

Question 1

What’s the species & family name of cereals?

Answer 1

Species - Monocots

Family - grass family (Poaceae)

Question 2

3 main morphologycharacteristics of cereals

Answer 2

Fibrous root system

grass stem

leaf of grasses

Question 3

Answer 3

Barley - Hordeum

Question 4

Answer 4

Wheat - Triticum

Question 5

Answer 5

Rye - Secale

Question 6

Answer 6

Oat - Avena

Question 7

Answer 7

Spike (without pedicels)

Question 8

Answer 8

Panicle (with pedicels)

Question 9

Nutrient content of cereal grains:

• energy content
• Fatty acids
• Protein
• Fibers
• Phosphorus
• Vitamines

Answer 9

Question 10

What’s the latin name of wheat?

Answer 10

Triticum aestivum

Question 11

Identify!

Answer 11

Wheat - Triticum aestivum

Question 12

Answer 12

ssp. muticum

Question 13

Answer 13

ssp. aristatum

Question 14

Nutritive value of wheat?

Answer 14

Highest protein content among cereals (13-15%), moderate biological value

Gluten = gliadin (75%) + glutenin (25%)

Question 15

Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:

• Gluten

Answer 15

Gluten -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)

Question 16

Antinutritive compounds and effects of wheat:

• arabinoxylan

Answer 16

arabinoxylan -> large quantities (20%< poultry) in the meal -> gelling effect -> sticky faeces (IBS – Irritable Bowel Syndrome)

Question 17

Identify

Answer 17

T. monococcum – einkorn

Question 18

Identify

Answer 18

T. dicoccum – emmer

Question 19

Identify

Answer 19

T. spelta – spelt

Question 20

What’s the latin name of Rye?

Answer 20

Secale cereale

Question 21

Identify

Answer 21

Secale cereale - Rye

Question 22

Nutritive value of Rye

Answer 22

Less protein but more lysine compared to wheat

Lower gluten content (with secalin protein)

Question 23

Antinutritve compounds and effects of Rye

Answer 23

Gluten, phytates -> autoantibodies -> coeliac desease (gluten sensitivity)
Higher arabinoxylan and pectin content -> gelling effect

In large quantity (15%

Ergot body infection

Question 24

What’s the latin name of Barley?

Answer 24

Hordeum vulgare

six rowed (winter)

*H. distichon” – two rowed (spring) barley”

Question 25

Nutritive value of Barley

Answer 25

Low gluten content but with hordein protein High proportion of fiber content (4-5%)

Question 26

Antinutritive compounds and effects of Barley

Answer 26

β-glucan -\> gelling effects, sticky faeces for poultry, laxative for pigs Straw and glumes can hurt the mouth -\> actynomycosis

Question 27

Identify

Answer 27

Hordeum vulgare – six rowed (winter) **Barley**

Question 28

Identify

Answer 28

Avena sativa – **Oat**

Question 29

What's the latin name of Oat?

Answer 29

Avena sativa

Question 30

Nutritive value of oat

Answer 30

Palatable and well digestable carbohydrates High fiber content (10-12%) Moderate proportion of NSC compounds: arabinoxylan Richest in essential fatty acids (5%) High protein content, good amino acid pattern – gluten free! Low energy - dietetic High P, vitamin E, B1 content

Question 31

Antinutritive compounds and effects of **oat**

Answer 31

Phytates, arabinoxylan (gelling effect, laxative)

Question 32

What's the latin name of corn/maize?

Answer 32

Zea mays

Question 33

Identify

Answer 33

Corn / Maize

Question 34

Latin name of dent corn

Answer 34

**convarietas dentiformis** Large, soft, floury endosperms -\> dented after drying - For forage only

Question 35

Latin name of flint corn

Answer 35

**convarietas vulgaris** Mainly hard, glassy endosperm Soft and hard types, food industry (flour, grist)

Question 36

Latin name of popcorn

Answer 36

**convarietas microsperma** Glassy endosperm, smaller, pearl-like grains Human consumption, sometimes forage for rodents

Question 37

Latin name of sweet corn

Answer 37

**convarietas​ saccharata** High sugar, wrinkled, raisin-like Common vegetable, salad

Question 38

Nutritive value of **corn**

Answer 38

**Highest energy** content – high **starch and fat** (many polyunsaturated fatty acids e.g.: linolic acid) **Lowest** proportion of **protein** (9-10%): mainly zein **Low** proportion of **essential** **amino acids** (lysine, triptophan) **Low** proportion of **fiber** Carotinoids -\> coloring effect, yellow egg yolk

Question 39

antinutritive effect of **corn**

Answer 39

Small amount of vitamin B3 -\> previously pellagra (black tongue) disease -\> skin irritation, CNS damage

Question 40

what kind of forage uses Grains of corn (on or without cob)

Answer 40

Formerly, today rarely in small farms For pigs and ruminants

Question 41

what kind of forage uses Silage corn – whole plant

Answer 41

Forage for dairy cows

Question 42

what kind of forage uses Green corn – whole plant?

Answer 42

Fresh forage for cattle | (Leads to distension for horses)

Question 43

what kind of forage uses CCM (Corn Cob Mix)

Answer 43

Mainly for pigs

Question 44

Identify

Answer 44

Sorghum bicolor – grain sorghum

Question 45

Identify

Answer 45

Sorghum x drummondii – sudan grass ## Footnote \*a hybrid-derived species of grass raised for forage and grain

Question 46

Nutritive value of **Sorghum bicolor**

Answer 46

**similar to barley**, but contains **more energy**, **less protein**, and **higher** proportion of **essential amino acids**

Question 47

Nutritive value of **Sorghum x drummondii**

Answer 47

**similar to corn** with **more protein**

Question 48

Antinutritive compounds and effects of **Sorghum**

Answer 48

Dhurrin cyanogenic glycosides Mainly in young stem and leaves Release hidrogen cyanide (HCN) -\> Inhibition of cell respiration

Question 49

"Triticale" is a hybrid of?

Answer 49

Triticosecale/triticale = Triticum x Secale hybrid Mainly used as a forage for dogs and cats (game species)

Question 50

What's the latin name of the common millet

Answer 50

Panicum miliaceum ## Footnote \*Bird food, straw for horses, ruminants

Question 51

What's the latin name of the italian millet

Answer 51

Setaria italica ## Footnote \*Bird food, grinded for cattle, as hay for horses

Question 52

Identify

Answer 52

Phalaris canariensis – canary grass ## Footnote \*Bird food

Question 53

What's the latin name of rice?

Answer 53

Oryza sativa

Question 54

what's the common name of Fagopyrum esculentum?

Answer 54

Buckwheat