Midterm Study Flashcards

Question

Anaximenes

Answer 1

All is air

Answer 2

Everything in the world is reducible to numbers

Answer 3

Numbers (Seen especially in music and medicine) Immortality and transmigration of souls form (limit) applied to matter (unlimited) Influence on plato

Answer 4

Fire Focus on the problem of change same river other and other waters Changes happen in regular patterns Stability (patterns) come from logos

Answer 5

Change is fundamental to reality

Answer 6

Xenophanes and Parmenides

Answer 7

Change and division are illusions; everything is ultimately one

Answer 8

Empedocles & Anaxagoras

Answer 9

(490-430 BC) First attempt at synthesizing Objects are composed of a plurality of elements (earth, fire, air, water). Objects are changeless. Particles are not. Attraction (Love) and repulsion (hate) are fundamental forces

Answer 10

(500-428 BC) First to distinguish mind and matter Concept of mind explains order of matter Mind is mechanical; not creative, purposeful, or personal

Answer 11

Mind is prior to matter and explains its order

Answer 12

Leucippus and Democritus Reality consists of atoms Infinite in number Eternal Original materialists (reductionistic, mechanistic, deterministic; no purpose or design)

Answer 13

Everything is reducible to the interaction of material particles

Answer 14

Makes a business of "doing" wisdom shifting focus from metaphysics to epistemology w/ negative conclusions - skeptics about knowledge - relativists about truth Rhetoric

Answer 15

Protagoras (490-420 BC) - First relativist - What appears to be true for a person is actually true for that individual Gorgias (487-376 BC) - Even more skepticism than Protagoras - There is nothing - If there is anything, it can't be known - If anything can be known, it can't be communicated Thrasymachus (459-400 BC) - plato's republic - might is right - self interest over justice

Answer 16

There is no objective truth or knowledge, so the goal of philosophical argument is persuasion in the interest of power.

Answer 17

No writings extant Confirmed as philosopher by oracle of Delphi (wisest man alive because he confessed his own ignorance) Charged with treason - denying the gods - corrupting the young

Answer 18

Epistemology - Socratic method or dialectic - emphasis on definitions and questions

Answer 19

Metaphysics - teleological understanding of nature - humans are rational and ought to be rational

Answer 20

Ethics - knowledge and virtue are interchangeable - Moral failure is always a result of ignorance and this is involuntary - No one knowingly does what is morally wrong

Answer 21

Anthropology - soul survives the death of the body

Answer 22

We should pursue truth and clarity through rational inquiry and dialogue

Answer 23

Real name = Aristocles Founded academy in 387 36 total writings

Answer 24

- early writings = faithful records of socrates (Apology, Crito, Euthyphro)

Answer 25

- Middle writings = socrates as mouthpiece (Phaedo, Meno, Republic)

Answer 26

Later writings = Socrates gone; more reflective (even religious)

Answer 27

Dualism - 2 distinct worlds - Lower world = Sense Experience - Upper world = Intellect (Forms) Forms are eternal/unchangeable Higher forms (Beauty/Justice) Lower Forms (geometrical/physical)

Answer 28

soul/body dualism - Soul pre-exists, survives death, is reincarnated 3 parts of soul: 1. Rational 2. Spirited 3. Appetitive

Answer 29

Critical of sophist skepticism Rationalist (anti-empiricist) Dualism - Opinion = sense-experience - Knowledge = Intellect Metaphor of divided line - Knowledge = dialectic (higher forms) & understanding (lower forms) - Opinion = belief (sense of physical objects) & Imagining (mere images) Allegory of cage Recollection

Answer 30

Critical of sophist relativism Euthyphro's Dilemma - x is good because God desires x -- morality is arbitrary - God desires x because x is good -- God is not ultimate standard Virtue Ethics Cardinal Cirtues - wisdom, courage, temperance, justice Correspond to parts of soul - - Wisdom = Rational - Courage = Spirited - Temperance = Passionate - Justice = Whole Soul

Answer 31

Likely Story (Timaeus) Matter Forms Receptacle Demiurge (finite craftsman) Cosmos result of imptersonal necessity and reason

Answer 32

Objects of sense experience are not ultimate reality; they are merely imperfect copies of the perfect, paradigmatic, abstract, transcendent forms

Answer 33

Studied under Plato for 20 years Comissioned by Philip 2 for Alexander the great Founded Lyceum in 334 Most writings compiled by students based on lectures

Answer 34

Rejection of Plato's dualism (Aristotle Demythologizes plato) - Forms exist with matter - no uninstantiated forms Substances = form/matter composite; substances have essential and accidental properties Four causes - - Material - Formal - Efficient - Final 10 Categories Change = move from potentiality to actuality Prime Mover (final cause, unmoved mover, pure activity, pure actuality, pure transcendence) Humans are substances (Form/matter composites) Soul is form of material body

Answer 35

Knowledge through reason and sense experience Prime matter unknowable because it has no intrinsic qualities Form is knowable via intellectual abstraction Passive Int - receives data from senses Active Int - abstracts forms from particulars that have been sensed Correspondence theory of truth - A statement is true if what it says is in fact the case Logic - development of syllogisms

Answer 36

Teleological orientation - morality pursues ends Intrinsic vs instrumental ends Ultimate end is Happiness - "the good life" cultivating virtue (golden mean) between 2 vices; mean may vary but not always virtue gained through imitation Moral virtues - good character Intellectual virtues - truth (superior to moral)

Answer 37

Some Quick Questions Reveal People's True Personalities, Showing Amazing Passion Substance Quantity Quality Relation Place Time Posture State Action Passion

Answer 38

two premises and a middle term major premise minor premise conclusion all brits are cultured some professors are brits some professors are cultured

Answer 39

all S are P some S are P some S are not P no S are P

Answer 40

All natural objects (including humans) are form-matter composites whose essential natures determine their ends

Answer 41

Atomism w/ a twist Atoms have weight and are continually falling but will occasionally swerve Swerves account for human free choice Early expression of libertarian free will

Answer 42

Empiricist - only through senses Against skepticism - skepticism ends in passivism - skepticism is self-refuting - skepticism needs knowledge

Answer 43

Hedonism Long term pleasures over short term Quiet life of contemplation individual focus over communal

Answer 44

Ethical goodness is a matter of qualitative individual human pleasure

Answer 45

Founded by Zeno of Cyprus (344-262) Cicero Seneca Marcus Aurelius

Answer 46

Pantheistic physicalism - all is God and all is material World is governed according to natural law by rational soul (logos) - god/logos is fire or reason god is partly in every soul as life force - controls all in impersonal fatalism no freedom of will

Answer 47

empiricism

Answer 48

dignified resignation to fate without passivism align ourselves with natural law. Learn to play our fate given role well Freedom is not freedom of choice but freedom from emotional disturbance

Answer 49

Everything is determined by fate, so learn to go along with the flow

Answer 50

Arcesilaus (316 - 241 becomes head of academy)

Answer 51

rejection of dogmatics and objective truth good arguments on all sides so suspend judgement Senses are deceptive

Answer 52

rejection of dogmatism and moral knowledge Absolute moral knowledge = impossible. Best we can hope for is probability

Answer 53

No one knows anything for sure, so just do what works

Answer 54

Founded by plotinus (205-270 AD) First greek religious philosophy Writings collected by student - Porphyry (Enneads) Bridge between classic philosophy and Augustine

Answer 55

Hierarchical panentheism (all in God) One God is pure undifferentiated unity god is utterly transcendence, simple, immutable, immaterial, unknowable Apophatic theology - only what God is not Being is a downward emanation from the one - leads to chain o being 1. the one 2. the mind 3 the soul 4. matter Evil is absence of goodness/being (privation) Matter is furthest from the One and closest to evil

Answer 56

Human souls are divine but separate from the One body pulls the soul down/away from the rationality of the mind and away from the One "salvation" involves freeing the soul from bondage to body/sensual pleasures - leads to importance of intellectual disciplines - unity with one through mystical experience

Answer 57

All reality is a necessary overflow of being from the One but the greater the distance from the One the less the goodness

Answer 58

divine revelation over reason

Answer 59

Trinitarian Monotheism

Answer 60

divine personal control Not chaos Not fate

Answer 61

linear/finite, not circular or eternal

Answer 62

tension between already/not yet

Answer 63

unity of body/soul immortality through ressurection

Answer 64

sin as willful rebellion against God - not finitude - not ignorance

Answer 65

restored fellowship with God through union with Christ - not merely epistemological - not metaphysical unification - not humanly accomplished

Answer 66

Supernatural, personal, revealed - holiness revealed through divine grace - Epistemology is an elements of ethics rather than the reverse

Answer 67

Philosophy/education is not the solution to man's problem Salvation is 'easier' for the foolish than the wise Philosophers are just as fallen as the rest of us

Answer 68

four opponents - Jews (religous) - Romans (political) - Greeks (intellectual) - Christian Heretics (theological)

Answer 69

110-165 Stoicism, Platonism, Aristotelianism before Christianity 1st apology (to emperor), dialogue w/ trypho Christianity as true philosophy Harmony of Christianity and best of greeks - plato plagiarized Moses Early advocate of libertarian freedom and 'mere' foreknowledge against stoicism

Answer 70

Philosophy is good and Christianity is the best philosophy

Answer 71

120-202 opposed 2nd c gnosticism (against heresies) + early witness to 4 canonical gospels problem of evil - soul making theodicy - image but not likeness of God - epistemic distance from God - evil provides environment for soul making; natural evil is byproduct of environment and moral evil byproduct of human freedom

Answer 72

Evil is a necessary condition for human moral development

Answer 73

160-225 Opposed Marcion, Gnostics, and Docetists Apology, Against Praxeas, Against speculative philosophy - what does athens have to Jerusalem Revelational authority - rule of faith philosophical reasoning is okay if consonant with revelation - nature of God/soul can be known through reason Criticism of plato influence by stoicism; soul is corporeal/not eternal

Answer 74

Greek philosophy is no match for Scripture and apostolic tradition

Answer 75

150-215 Philosophy is an ally of Christian philosophy Phil = God's cov w/ Greeks Law = God's cov w/ Jews Philosophy useful for Christianity. Can't produce faith but can support it A type of faith proceeds philosophy but not a full blown Christian faith Critical of Sophists. Likes plato/aristotle Strong influence of neoplatonism

Answer 76

Greek Philosophy is Christianity's ally

Answer 77

185 - 254 First influential christian synthesizer: Christianity + Neoplatonism Against Celsus, First Principles, Commentaries Epistemology - scripture as revelation - need for allegorical method of interp - ethical superiority of Christianity supported by allegory - apophatic theology + analogy. Some terms more fitting than others Metaphysics - God perfect unity - Logos eternal emanation (bridge between uncreated and created) - trinity (attempted to maintain unity but made distinction between father and son - resulted in ontological subordination) Anthropology - souls are pre-existent - fall happened pre creation Soteriology - process of theosis - christ's redemption = exemplary - universalist leanings

Answer 78

Neoplatonism can help us understand and defend Christian Doctrines

Answer 79

Athanasius (292-373) - unity and simplicity of god - creator/creature distinction Cappadocian fathers - Basil of C - Gregory of Nazianzuz - Gregory of Nyssa - deity of HS - Influenced by neoplatonism probably mediated by origen.

Answer 80

354-430 Against Manicheanism - rejection of dualism and fatalism Against Donatism - distinction between visible and invisible church Against Arianism - exposition of Trinity Against Pelagianism - liberty of spontaneity but not of indifference

Answer 81

able to sin and not to sin not able to not sin able not to sin not able to sin

Answer 82

Evil is result of fall - privation God is eternal, infinite, & independent - created matter, space, and time Forms exist in the mind of God Creator/Creature distinction Substance dualism - humanity is both body and soul

Answer 83

Even if I'm mistaken, I must exist, Since I know I exist, skepticism is false Faith is roughly trust in testimony of authority and necessary precondition for understanding - I believe in order to understand Epistemology correlated to metaphysics - God = Intellection - Soul = Cogitation (judgements about objects based on forms) - Body = Sensation (awareness of physical objects) Knowledge of forms known through divine illumination

Answer 84

grounded in the character of God God is summum bonum Centered on doctrine of Love - fastening affection on an object - all physical objects are legitimate objects of love - satisfaction comes through loving the right things for the right reasons - Salvation reorders loves

Answer 85

Linear has a meaningful providential direction City of God and City of Man

Answer 86

God is the absolute sovereign Creator and we are utterly dependent on God for existence, knowledge, goodness, and salvation

Answer 87

Trained in classic greek philosophy translated/commented on Aristotle Consolation of Philosophy (while in prison) - allegorical conversation with Lady Philosophy - to love wisdom is to love the thought and cause of all things, ultimately to love God Influential treatment of eternity - complete, simultaneous, and perfect possession of eternal life. everlasting life in one simultaneous present Tried to solve freedom/foreknowledge problem by saying God's knowledge was strictly temporal theology and philosophy are harmonious but independent Influence of neoplatonism

Answer 88

~ 500 systematic relation of Christianity and neo-platonism Emanation combined with doctrine of creation - God is somewhat distinct Chain of being Being and goodness one in God - evil privation two ways to know God - positive (humans by derivation) - Negative (denying human attributes)

Answer 89

810-877 Tanslated and commented on Denys Refuted Augustinian views of Gottschalk Neoplatonist metaphysics and epistemology Fourfold Division of reality - nature that creates and is not created (God) - nature that is created and creates (divine ideas) - nature that is created and does not create (creatures) - nature that neither creates nor is created (God as goal of creation) pantheistic phil and theology are one and same

Answer 90

1033 - 1109 philosophy in service of theology I believe in order to understand / faith seeking understanding Why the God man - satisfaction theory (God's honor impugned) Arguments for God - Monologion - perfect being at summit of chain - Proslogion - Ontological argument for God's existence (simpler than monologion)

Answer 91

God is (by definition) a being that which none greater can be conceived The fool says that God exists merely in the mind and not in reality But a greater being can be conceived: one that exists in the mind and in reality Therefore, the fool has fallen into a contradiction - atheism is contradictory God exists

Answer 92

Philosophical reasoning can help Christians better understand their faith

Answer 93

1079 - 1142 French Conceptualism Louise and Abelard - castrated Moves towards theological rationalism; understanding must proceed faith Rationalism orientation - sic et non

Answer 94

Realism - Universals have real, objective, independent existence (William of Champeaux + Plato/Aristotle) Nominalism - universals have no real existence, they're merely names/words we apply (Roscellinus) Conceptualism - universals exist but only as concepts in the human mind (Abelard as via media)

Answer 95

980 - 1037 Synthesizer of Aristotelianism and Neoplatonism in support of Islam creation is eternal and necessary necessary being as termination of the causal chain Metaphysical distinction: - essence = what-ness of something - existence = that - ness of something

Answer 96

1126 - 1198 Ibn Rushd Aristotle is greatest of all philosophers - attempt to reconcile with Islam Theology and Philosophy are two separate roads to truth 3 groups: - masses - theologians - reason to support religion - Philosophers - reason alone theology = revelation (sort of a crutch) philosophy = reason (superior) Aquinas fights with latin appropriators

Answer 97

1135 - 1204 Reconcile OT with Greek Philosophy learned aristotle through translations from arabians model for Aquinas on relating philosophy and reason Theology and Philosophy are two harmonious realms of knowledge - distinct forms of knowledge Apparent contradictions between phil and theology caused by overly literalistic readings 3 precursors to Aquinas' 5 ways Natative theology - can say that God is but not what he is

Answer 98

1225 - 1274 University of Naples Disputed Latin Averroists while at Uni Paris Canonized 1323 - dr of church 1568 Related philosophy and theology through a nature/grace schema - nature is what man can accomplish without supernatural aid grace requires supernatural aid Natural capacities take us a certain distance - need grace to finish (Harmonius) Reason supports revelation but revelation trumps reason in any apparent conflict (only apparent)

Answer 99

Motion - every motion requires a mover efficient causes - every effect requires a prior cause contingency - every contingent being requires on another degrees of perfection - every judgement requires a standard design - means-end arrangements in nature point to a designer (It is unreasonable to posit an infinite regress of explanation)

Answer 100

Thomism = Christian Theism w/ an Aristotelian Framework Natural theology put to use in arg for God's existence Nature of God: - perfect being - pure actuality - source of being; creatures have but God is - simple and necessary being - not an individual but basis for individuation - omnipotent - omniscient - sovereign cause (primary and secondary causes) - Trinity `

Answer 101

Modified Aristotelianism form/matter composites (hylomorphic dualism) Humans essentially corporeal (so augustine)

Answer 102

application of aristotelian catg

Answer 103

Empiricist orientation - Knowledge from sense exp - Active Intellect abstracts from sense - no innate ideas so no a prior knowledge of Gd Know that God is but not what he is - God is not one of a kind - i.e. cannot be defined in terms of genus or species Way of Negation Way of Analogy Univocity and Equivocity are unacceptable - analogy better Close connection between metaphysics and epistemology

Answer 104

Modified Aristotelianism - virtue ethics perfect happiness - found in God Cardinal virtues - prudence - temperance - justice - fortitude Theological Virtues - Faith - Hope - Charity Synderesis - faculty which infallibly grasps general principles of morality (Murder is wrong) Conscientia - infering concrete applications from general moral principles (abortion is murder and therefore wrong) Eternal - divine decrees; foundation for all other laws natural - concerned w/ natural ends known by reason positive - human made divine (revelation - supernatural ends)

Answer 105

Aristotelian philosophy confirms that Christian theology is reasonable

Answer 106

1265 - 1308 Subtle Doctor Voluntarism - emphasis on will - God's commands are good because he wills them Univocity of being and language Realist re universals Paticulars individuated by individual natures rather than matter (Contra Aquinas) Tendency to separate theology and philosophy

Answer 107

1280 - 1349 Nominalism about universals (precisely a conceptualist) Only particulars exist Motivated by Voluntarism Ockham's Razor - Do not multiply entities beyond necessity (rule of parsimony) Theology and philosophy are separate spheres - leads to two kinds of truth Rejection of natural theology; doctrines are solely based on faith not reason sets the stage for modernism: autonomy of philosophy and science

Midterm Study Flashcards

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