Midterm Study BT

Question 1

Define Architectural Projection

Answer 1

describing the exact shape and size of an object (real or viewed)

Question 2

What are the two categories of Architectural Projection (“real” and “viewed”)?

Answer 2

REAL AND VIEWED

NOT Pictorial and orthographic

Real” = Accurate to the exact size and shape of the subject
○ Can be Scaled and Measured to reproduce or construct the subject
○ Undistorted by Perspective
○ Flat individual views that do not show depth

“Viewed” = Show the object in 3 Dimensions
○ Two Categories of 3-d views: Perspective and Paraline (isometric/axon)
○ Perspective: Parallel lines converge on Vanishing Points, Distorted and not accurate to size and shape.
○ Paraline: Represents the subject in 3-d but can be measured and scaled accurately

Question 3

List the 3 types of Orthographic Drawings.

Answer 3

1. Plan (cut and uncut) parallel to the ground
2. Elevation (uncut) perpendicular to the ground
3. Section (cut) perpendicular to the ground

Question 4

List 2 types of Pictorial Drawings.

Answer 4

Perspectival Projection
Paraline Projection

Question 5

What type of drawing is used to convey the spatial organization of a building?

Answer 5

Floor Plan.

Question 6

What type of drawing is used to show the shape of a building from the outside?

Answer 6

Elevation

Question 7

What type of drawing is best to communicate the relationship between the outside and inside of a building?

Answer 7

cross-sectional drawing

Question 8

What type of drawings is used to show how certain materials or components are assembled or joined?

Answer 8

assembly drawing

Question 9

List these Drawings in order from General to Specific:
Wall Section
● Elevation
● Floor Plan
● Soffit Detail
● Site PLan
● Kitchen Floor Plan

Answer 9

1. Site Plan,
2. Floor Plan,
3. Elevation,
4. Kitchen Floor Plan,
5. Soffit Detail.

Question 10

What is Figurative Space and how does it represent the “Old” way of Building?

Answer 10

enclosed, defined, clear shape,
primary space

OLD: Support systems have evolved from massive
elements pierced at few locations

Question 11

What is Free Space and how does it represent the “New” way of building?

Answer 11

Free space:
open, continuous, objects sit within
space.

New: Efficient primary structural systems (such as
steel and concrete frames) with lightweight frames
and sheathing.

Question 12

What is a Structural System?

Answer 12

Are designed to withstand various loads and forces
that act upon the building
or
framework that supports the entire structure and ensures its stability under various conditions.
—

NOt important: The structural unit is the basic building block for the
structural system and spatial organization

Question 13

What is the difference between “Actual Structure” and “Conceptual Structure”?

Answer 13

ACTUAL STRUCTURE - CONSTRUCTION
(The means by which a building stands-up)

CONCEPTUAL STRUCTURE - ORDER
(The means by which a building is ordered)

Question 14

Define Load Bearing Wall

Answer 14

supporting much of the weight of the overlying parts of a building or other structure.

or
a structural piece of a building that supports weight of building above it and transfers weight to foundation:

Question 15

Define Framing

Answer 15

Interconnected members that support vertical and
lateral loads

Question 16

What are the Vertical elements called in Framing?

Answer 16

Walls

Question 17

What are the Horizontal elements in Framing?

Answer 17

joists

Question 18

What is the difference between a Truss and a Beam?

Answer 18

Truss: A framework composed of linear members connected at
joints to form a triangle or other geometric shape. (Chord, Web, Slab, Heel

Beam:
A horizontal structural element that carries and
transfers loads to the vertical supports.
Typically made of Concrete, Steel, or Wood
Common beam types:
● Rectangular beams
● I-beams
● Box beams
● Composite
● Cantilever
● Continuous

Question 19

Old way

Answer 19

Bearing Wall

● Enclosure & structure = integral
● Openings are interruptions in structure
● Building form extends to the ground
● Strong inside/outside separation

Question 20

New way -

Answer 20

Columns and beams

● Enclosure and structure = separate
● Openings are independent of structure
● Only structure must extend to the ground
● Flexible inside/outside separation

Question 21

Which way is more Authentic with Regard to Form and Materials?

Answer 21

OLD WAY

Question 22

Which way allows for more freedom and flexibility? Larger Spaces? Taller Buildings?

Answer 22

NEW WAY

Question 23

What is the portion of a building above ground?

Answer 23

1. SUPERSTRUCTURE

Question 24

What is the portion of a building below ground?

Answer 24

SUBSTRUCTURE

Question 25

What must the Structure of a building be designed to Resist?

Answer 25

Loads?

Question 26

What is an influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body?

Answer 26

form follows function

Question 27

Static Loads

Answer 27

Definition: loads / forces applied slowly over time

Question 28

Static loads include what?

Answer 28

IMPORTANT; Dead loads, live / occupancy loads, Snow / Rain loads, Wind /Soil loads, Impact loads --- ○ Dead Loads: act vertically downward & are constantly present ○ Live / Occupancy: temporary or moving loads acting vertically and horizontally ○ Snow / Rains loads: accumulated weight of snow or water on roof / surfaces ○ Soil loads: compaction exerted by the surrounding soil on the foundation on the structure ○ Impact loads: kinetic loads from sudden or transient forces. Considered b/c of “worse case scenario.” structure needs to account for potential damage or failure.

Question 29

Dynamic Loads

Answer 29

Loads / forces applied suddenly, often with rapid change in magnitude and points of application.

Question 30

Dynamic loads include what:

Answer 30

IMPORTANT; Seismic loads, Wind loads, Vibrations, and Machinery --- ○ Seismic loads: lateral forces that cause horizontal shaking (earthquakes or ground vibrations ○ Wind loads: exert pressure on exterior surfaces typically in a horizontal direction.

Question 31

Concentrated Loads

Answer 31

Definition: a force or weight applied to a specific point or a small area of a structure ○ Causes: localized stress or deformation on the buildings materials at these points ○ Columns support concentrated loads

Question 32

Distributed loads

Answer 32

Definition: a force or weight that is spread out over a larger area or along a continuous line ○ Load is more evenly distributed across structure ○ Reduces localized stress and minimizes failure opportunities ○ Bearing walls support distributed loads

Question 33

Static Loads & Dynamic Loads

Answer 33

Refer to the nature of the force

Question 34

Concentrated Loads & Distributed Loads

Answer 34

Refer to how the force or weight is applied to a structure.

Question 35

List 3 Examples of Structural Elements

Answer 35

1. Column 2. Beam 3. walls

Question 36

What is a Span?

Answer 36

the horizontal distance between two supports of a structural component, such as a beam, floor, roof, or truss. --- A *spatial volume* requires 2 or more *vertically* oriented support planes.

Question 37

What is a Structural Grid?

Answer 37

*Points and lines* of support for a structural system typically define a *grid*

Question 38

What is the difference between a ‘one-way span’ and a ‘two-way span’?

Answer 38

1. ONE-WAY SPANNING SYSTEMS Transfer forces to a *pair of supporting planes* that are *parallel* to one another. 2. TWO-WAY SPANNING SYSTEMS Transfers forces in two directions, two sets of supporting planes or columns *perpendicular* to each other.

Question 39

Define Enclosure

Answer 39

Physical component that separates the interior from the exterior. An environmental separator between conditioned and unconditioned space. The building enclosure: “SKIN” of the building

Question 40

What environmental elements and factors must be controlled?

Answer 40

1. MASS - air, moisture, etc 2. ENERGY - heat, sound, fire, light, etc.

Question 41

What are three key components of a building’s enclosure (envelope)?

Answer 41

**● Walls ● Roof ● Floors/foundation** Not: ● Windows and Doors --- Not even or ■ Moisture ■ Air ■ Thermal

Question 42

How is the envelope of a “New way of building” different from an “Old way of building”?

Answer 42

OLD: Massive elements (pierced at few locations) NEW: Lightweight frames (primary structural system) *...* Since an envelope includes openings like doors/windows, walls, roofs etc. A new way would be more flexible with more openings vs old ways of building. --- Additionally: an envelope includes: ● Walls ● Roof ● Windows and Doors ● Floors. So one would be focused on integrality/enclosure/strength inside+outside. New is focused on separate/independent/Flexible inside+outside

Question 43

What are three type of Energy that should be controlled by the envelope?

Answer 43

heat, sound, fire, light, etc?

Question 44

What are four types of Mass that should be controlled by the envelope?

Answer 44

water, air, vapor, and thermal

Question 45

How is Reservoir Control different from Barrier Control?

Answer 45

Reservoir: works by storage, water and thermal Barrier: Works by exclusion, air/vapor and water

Question 46

Enclosure's Primary focus is what?

Answer 46

Capacity and efficiency when wetting and drying the building’s enclosure

Question 47

(4 D’s of Enclosure) include:

Answer 47

Deflection, Drainage, Drying, Durability --- ● *Deflection*: involves directing water away from the building ○ includes ultraviolet light, radiation, wind and fire ● *Drainage*: proving a clear path for water to travel ○ Common issue = ponding: accumulation of water on a flat or low-sloped surface ● *Drying*: process of removing excess moisture or water from the buildings materials, surfaces, or spaces. ● *Durability*: choosing appropriate materials based on their performance in certain environments and exposure rates.

Question 48

How is Layered Control different from Barrier Control?

Answer 48

Layered: works by rainscreen, (all three: air/vapor, water, thermal) Barrier: Works by exclusion, air/vapor and water

Question 49

Continuous Insulation can prevent what type of energy transfer?

Answer 49

air/water control

Question 50

How does Ventilated Airspace help to improve durability?

Answer 50

removes moisture which prevents damage.