Midterm Study Deck Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
SCIENCE
A
A SET OF IDEAS BASED ON OBSERVATIONS TESTED THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION AND REVISED WHEN NECESSARY TO ACCOUNT FOR NEW AS WELL AS OLD OBSERVATIONS.
2
Q
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A
A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH USED TO EVALUATE, TEST, AND EXPLAIN YOUR OBSERVATIONS.
3
Q
SCIENTIFIC METHOD STEPS
A
STEP 1: ASK A QUESTION.
STEP 2: GATHER INFORMATION/RESEARCH
STEP 3: HYPOTHESIS
STEP 4: EXPERIMENT
STEP 5: ANALYZE DATA
STEP 6: CONCLUSION
4
Q
HYPOTHESIS
A
IDEA OR EXPLANATION THAT CAN BE TESTED
5
Q
CONTROL GROUP
A
NO VARIABLE ADDED
6
Q
EXPERIMENTAL GROUP
A
VARIABLE ADDED
7
Q
VARIABLE
A
A QUANTITY THAT CHANGES
8
Q
SCIENTIFIC THEORY
A
A HYPOTHESIS THAT HAS BEEN TESTED RIGOROUSLY AND HAS WITHSTOOD CONTINUOUS TESTING. IT HAS BEEN SUPPORTED OVERWHELMINGLY BY EVIDENCE THROUGH OBSERVATIONS AND EXPERIMENTATION
9
Q
SCIENTIFIC LAW
A
MATHEMATICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF NATURAL PHENOMENA
10
Q
OCEANOGRAPHY
A
THE BRANCH OF SCIENCE THAT DEALS WITH THE PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND PHENOMENA OF THE SEA.
11
Q
MARINE GEOLOGISTS
A
STUDY THE EARTH’S COMPOSITIONS, CHARACTERISTICS, CHARACTERISTICS OF SEAFLOOR SEDIMENT AND TECTONIC ACTIVITY
12
Q
PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
A
STUDY THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE OCEAN SUCH AS CURRENTS, WAVES, AND OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION.
13
Q
CLIMATOLOGIST
A
STUDY THE OCEAN’S ROLE IN EARTH’S CLIMATE
14
Q
CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
A
STUDY THE DISSOLVED SOLUTES/GASES FOUND IN THE OCEAN AND THE IMPACT THESE DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES HAVE ON THE GEOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN
15
Q
MARINE ENGINEERS
A
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCT VARIOUS STRUCTURES THROUGHOUT THE WORLD’S OCEANS. CONSTRUCT DEVICES TO EXPLORE THE OCEANS
16
Q
MARINE BIOLOGISTS/BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHERS
A
STUDIES THE BIOLOGICAL COMPONENTS OF THE OCEAN
17
Q
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
A
VARIABLE BEING TESTED
18
Q
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
A
VARIABLES THAT DON’T CHANGE
19
Q
WHEN DID THE BIG BANG OCCUR
A
13.7 BILLION YEARS AGO
20
Q
WHAT CAUSED THE MASS OF THE BIG BANG TO EXPAND?
A
COLLISIONS
21
Q
WHAT IS A DRIVING FORCE OF LARGER MASS
A
GRAVITY
22
Q
TEMPERATURE OF EARLY UNIVERSE
A
VERY HOT
23
Q
WHEN DID STARS AND GALAXIES FORM
A
1 BILLION YEARS AFTER BIG BANG
24
Q
GALAXY
A
MASSIVE, ROTATING COLLECTION OF STARS, DUST, GAS AND OTHER DEBRIS COLLECTIVELY HELD TOGETHER BY FORCE OF GRAVITY
25
OUR GALAXY
MILKY WAY
26
WHAT TYPE OF GALAXY IS THE MILKY WAY?
SPIRAL
27
HOW MANY GALAXIES ARE IN THE UNIVERSE?
ESTIMATED 100 BILLION
28
TYPES OF GALAXIES
SPIRAL, ELLIPTICAL, AND IRREGULAR
29
SPIRAL GALAXY
APPEAR AS FLAT, BLUE-WHITE DISCS OF STARS, GAS AND DUST. ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. A LARGE PART OF THE UNIVERSE
30
ELLIPTICAL GALAXY
⅓ OF ALL GALAXIES AND NOT ACTIVELY FORMING STARS. CONTAIN LITTLE GAS AND DUST BUT ARE MADE OF OLDER STARS.
31
IRREGULAR GALAXY
ABUNDANT IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE BUT ARE NOT SEEN OFTEN TODAY STARS
32
STARS
MASSIVE SPHERE OF INCANDESCENT GASES, POWERED BY THE CONVERSION OF HYDROGEN TO HELIUM DURING A PROCESS KNOWN AS NUCLEAR FUSION
33
NUCLEAR FUSION
THE PROCESS OF COMBINING 2 OR MORE LIGHTER NUCLEI IN ORDER TO FORM A HEAVIER NUCLEI.
34
OTHER THAN THE SUN, HOW CLOSE IS THE NEXT CLOSEST STAR TO EARTH?
26 TRILLION MILES AWAY
35
STAR FORMATION
BORN FROM CLOUDS OF GAS AND DUST.
COLLISIONS IN THE CLOUD CAUSE THE GAS AND DUST TO COLLAPSE UNDER THE FORCE OF GRAVITY
AS THE CLOUD COLLAPSES, THE MATERIAL BEGINS TO HEAT UP. THIS IS KNOWN AS A PROTOSTAR
THE COLLAPSE AND HEAT OF THE PROTOSTAR CREATES A STAR
36
STAR DEFORMATION
LIFE AND DEATH ARE DETERMINED BY ORIGINAL MASS.
STARS LIVE FOR BILLIONS OF YEARS.
WHEN THE STAR HAS FUSED ALL THE HYDROGEN IN ITS CORE, THE STAR STARTS TO COLLAPSE.
HYDROGEN AVAILABLE ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE STAR MEANS FUSION OCCURS IN A SHELL.
37
RED GIANT
WHEN THE HOT CORE OF A STAR PUSHES THE LAYERS OF THE STAR OUTWARD CAUSING IT TO EXPAND AND COOL
38
SUPERNOVA
MORE MASSIVE STARS PRODUCE IRON IN THE CORE, COLLAPSE AND A VIOLENT ERUPTION HAPPENS
39
HOW OLD IS THE EARTH
4.6 BILLION YEARS OLD
40
HOW WAS THE MOON AND TILT OF THE EARTH'S AXIS CREATED?
EARLY EARTH COLLIDED WITH ANOTHER “PLANET”
41
IRON CATASTROPHE
EARTH CONTRACTED, CONVERTING GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY INTO HEAT
IRON MELTED ALLOWING IT TO FLOW TO THE CENTER OF THE EARTH.
THE SINKING OF THE LARGE AMOUNTS OF IRON RELEASED FURTHER HEAT, ENOUGH TO MELT THE ENTIRE INTERIOR OF THE PLANET.
42
CONVECTION
HEAT RISES, HEATS UP THE PLANET, WHEN COOLS DOWN, FALLS BACK TO THE CORE
43
CRUST
THIN OUTER LAYER OF THE EARTH
44
MANTLE
LIQUID LAYER OF SILICATES. CONVECTION CAUSES IT TO STAY LIQUID AND HEAT THE CRUST
45
OUTER CORE
LIQUID LAYER OF IRON AND NICKEL
46
INNER CORE
SOLIDCORE OF IRON AND NICKEL.HEAT AND PRESSURE ARE THE REASON IT IS SOLID
47
CONTINENTAL CRUST
MADE OF GRANITE, LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST
48
OCEANIC CRUST
MADE OF BASALT
49
WHEN DID THE OCEANS FORM
WHEN EARTH COOLED TO BELOW 212 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT
50
EARLY ATMOSPHERE
A STABLE ATMOSPHERE OF NITROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER VAPOR
WATER VAPOR CONDENSED TO FORM LIQUID WATER.
WATER MAY HAVE ARRIVED FROM COMET IMPACT
51
WHEN DID THE ATMOSPHERE BEGIN TO CHANGE?
3.5 BILLION YEARS AGO
52
HOW DID THE ATMOSPHERE CHANGE?
CARBON DIOXIDE WENT INTO THE ATMOSPHERE GIVEN OFF FROM VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS
PHOTOSYNTHESIS BEGAN, OXYGEN WENT UP AND CARBON DIOXIDE WENT DOWN
53
LITHOSPHERE COMPOSITION
SILICONE, IRON, MAGNESIUM
54
ASTHENOSPHERE COMPOSITION
IRON
55
MESOSPHERE COMPOSITION
IRON
56
OUTER CORE COMPOSITION
LIQUID IRON AND NICKEL
57
INNER CORE COMPOSITION
SOLID IRON AND NICKEL
58
WHAT TECTONIC PLATE DO WE LIVE ON?
NORTH AMERICAN
59
SAN ANDREAS FAULT BOUNDARY TYPE
TRANSFORM
60
WHICH LAYER CREATES EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD?
OUTER CORE
61
WHAT ARE THE TECTONIC PLATES MADE OF
CRUST AND MANTLE
62
WHAT LAYER IS THE MOST MALLEABLE?
MANTLE
63
AS DEPTH INCREASES, TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE?
INCREASE
64
Who is Alfred Wegener?
CREATED THEORY OF CONTINENTAL DRIFT
65
What was the name of Wegener’s supercontinent?
PANGEA
66
2 examples of evidence proving there was a supercontinent?
FOSSIL EVIDENCE ON CONTINENTS SEPARATED BY OCEANS
CONTINENTS FIT TOGETHER LIKE A PUZZLE
67
What are the differences between continental crust and oceanic crust?
OCEANIC CRUST: DENSE, COMPOSED OF BASALT
CONTINENTAL CRUST: LESS DENSE THAN OCEANIC CRUST, COMPOSED MAINLY OF GRANITE
68
What is the main element that makes up the mantle?
SILICATES
69
What is the composition of the outer core and inner core?
NICKEL AND IRON
70
What are the 3 types of plate boundaries?
CONVERGENT
DIVERGENT
TRANSFORM
71
Define a convergent boundary.
CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY: 2 OR MORE PLATES COLLIDE
1 PLATE SLIDES BENEATH THE OTHER PLATE. THIS IS KNOWN AS SUBDUCTION
MOUNTAINS AND VOLCANOES FORM AT THIS BOUNDARY
72
Define a divergent boundary.
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY: PLATE BOUNDARY WHERE PLATES PULL APART
MID-OCEAN RIDGES FORM
SEAFLOOR SPREADING: NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AS OLDER SEAFLOOR MOVES AWAY
73
Define a transform boundary.
TECTONIC PLATES SLIDE PAST ONE ANOTHER
EX: SAN ANDREAS FAULT
HOT SPOTS
74
What is the subduction zone?
THE AREA WHERE ONE PLATE SINKS BENEATH ANOTHER
75
Where are the majority of Earth’s volcanoes located?
PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
76
What is an oceanic trench?
RESULT OF CONVERGENT BOUNDARIES-SUBDUCTION ZONES
A TRENCH MARKS THE POSITION WHERE A PLATE SUBDUCTS UNDER ANOTHER
77
What is the mid-Atlantic ridge?
LOCATED ON THE FLOOR OF THE ATLANTIC OCEAN
BETWEEN THE EURASIAN PLATE-NORTH AMERICAN PLATE AND THE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE-AFRICAN PLATE
NEW SEAFLOOR IS DEPOSITED AT THE RIDGE
78
Give an example of a transform boundary.
SAN ANDREAS FAULT
79
CELESTIAL SPHERE
A LARGE, IMAGINARY SPHERE THAT SURROUNDS THE EARTH IN WHICH STARS, PLANETS, THE SUN, AND THE MOON SEEM TO BE ATTACHED.
80
ZENITH
THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE OBSERVER’S HEAD
81
NADIR
THE LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY BENEATH THE OBSERVER’S HEAD
82
NORTH CELESTIAL POLE
LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S NORTH POLE
83
SOUTH CELESTIAL POLE
LOCATION ON THE CELESTIAL SPHERE DIRECTLY ABOVE THE EARTH’S SOUTH POLE
84
CELESTIAL EQUATOR
DIRECTLY HALFWAY BETWEEN THE CELESTIAL POLES
85
DECLINATION
(LATITUDE)
86
RIGHT ASCENSION
(LONGITUDE)
87
GENERAL DIRECTIONS
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST AND WEST ARE IN REFERENCE TO THE HORIZON
88
HORIZON
THE LINE MARKING THE APPARENT INTERSECTION OF EARTH/OCEAN AND THE SKY
89
ECLIPTIC
THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AROUND THE SKY
90
DAY AND NIGHT
ONLY ABOUT HALF THE EARTH IS LIT BY SUNLIGHT AT ANY GIVEN MOMENT
91
DAYTIME
FACING THE SUN
92
NIGHTTIME
IN THE EARTH’S SHADOW
93
ROTATION
THE TURNING OF AN OBJECT ALONG ITS OWN AXIS
94
EARTH HAS A TILT OF
ABOUT 23.5 DEGREES
95
THE EARTH’S ROTATION ON ITS AXIS IS WHAT CAUSES
DAY AND NIGHT
96
ONE ROTATION
24 HOURS
97
DIURNAL MOTION
AS A RESULT OF EARTH’S ROTATION, THERE IS DAILY APPARENT MOTION OF THE SUN, MOON, PLANETS AND STARS IN THE SKY. THIS IS CALLED DIURNAL MOTION.
98
DAILY, THE SKY (STARS, SUN, MOON, PLANETS) APPEAR TO MOVE FROM
EAST TO WEST
99
EARTH ROTATES FROM
WEST TO EAST
100
REVOLUTION
THE MOTION OF AN OBJECT AROUND A RELATIVELY FIXED POINT THAT LIES OUTSIDE THE OBJECT
101
THE REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN (ALONG WITH EARTH’S TILT) IS RESPONSIBLE FOR
SEASONS
102
ROTATION=
DAY/NIGHT
103
REVOLUTION=
SEASONS
104
FOR EARTH TO COMPLETE 1 REVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN
365.25 DAYS
105
EVOLUTION AROUND THE SUN ALSO CAUSES DIFFERENT CONSTELLATIONS
TO BE SEEN IN THE SKY
106
THE SKY ON PLANET EARTH IS ALWAYS FILLED WITH STARS BUT WE CANNOT SEE THEM DURING THE DAY BECAUSE OF THE
SUN’S RAYS
107
FAINTER SUNLIGHT=
STARS BECOME VISIBLE
108
FOR THE MOST PART, EARTH’S MOTION AROUND THE SUN IS NEARLY
CIRCULAR
109
CONSTELLATIONS
ONE OF THE STELLAR PATTERNS IDENTIFIED BY NAME, USUALLY OF MYTHOLOGICAL GODS, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, OBJECTS
ALSO INCLUDES THE REGION OF THE SKY CONTAINING THAT PATTERNS
ORIGINATED IN ORIGINAL CIVILIZATIONS
110
RECOGNIZED CONSTELLATIONS BY THE IAU
88
111
ASTERISM
A NAMED GROUP OF STARS NOT IDENTIFIED AS A CONSTELLATION
112
DESPITE CONSTELLATIONS AND STARS APPEARING CLOSE TOGETHER, THEY ARE VARYING
DISTANCES AND INDEPENDENT OF EACH OTHER
113
CIRCUMPOLAR
VISIBLE ALL YEAR
114
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
THIS POLE IS THE NORTH STAR (POLARIS) WHICH THE EARTH’S AXIAL TILT IS POINTED TOWARDS
115
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE THERE ARE 5 CONSTELLATIONS THAT ARE CIRCUMPOLAR
*URSA MAJOR “BIG DIPPER”
*URSA MINOR “LITTLE DIPPER”
*CEPHEUS “THE KING”
*CASSIOPEIA “THE QUEEN”
*DRACO “DRAGON”
116
2 POINTER STARS IN THE BIG DIPPER CAN BE USED TO LOCATE
THE LITTLE DIPPER ASTERISM
117
POLARIS, IS LOCATED IN THE
HANDLE OF THE LITTLE DIPPER
118
THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE DOES NOT
HAVE A POLE STAR LIKE THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE
119
ZODIAC CONSTELLATIONS
THOSE THAT FALL IN THE PATH OF THE ECLIPTIC
120
ECLIPTIC
THE APPARENT PATH OF THE SUN AMONG THE STARS AROUND THE SKY
121
AS THE EARTH REVOLVES AROUND THE SUN, THE SUN APPEARS TO BE IN A CERTAIN
ZODIAC CONSTELLATION
122
THESE 4 CONSTELLATIONS ARE BLOCKED FROM VIEW DUE TO THE SUN ON/NEAR THE SEASONAL DATES
GEMINI, VIRGO, SAGITTARIUS, PISCES
HOWEVER THEIR 6 MONTH OPPOSITES ARE VISIBLE WHEN THE SKY IS NOT BRIGHTENED BY THE SUN
123
JUNE 21ST
AT SUNRISE, GEMINI RISING WITH SUN AS SAGITTARIUS IS SETTING
124
SEPTEMBER 22ND
AT SUNRISE, VIRGO IS RISING WITH THE SUN AS PISCES IS SETTING
125
DECEMBER 21ST
AT SUNRISE, SAGITTARIUS IS RISING AS GEMINI IS SETTING
126
MARCH 20TH
AT SUNRISE, PISCES RISING WITH THE SUN AS VIRGO IS SETTING
127
ORION
“THE HUNTER”
*STRIKING FEATURES:
*ORION’S BELT
*ORION’S NEBULA
*NO OTHER CONSTELLATION HAS SO MANY BRIGHT STARS
*CONTAINS TWO STARS: RIGEL, BETELGEUSE
128
CANIS MAJOR
“THE BIG DOG”
*VERY CLEAR NIGHT TO SEE IT
*CONTAINS THE STAR “SIRIUS”, ONE OF OUR CLOSEST NEIGHBORING STARS
129
CANIS MINOR
“THE LITTLE DOG”
*CONTAINS ONE OF THE BRIGHTEST STARS IN THE SKY “PROCYON”
130
WINTER HEXAGON
A ROUGH HEXAGONAL SHAPE CAN BE DRAWN BETWEEN 6 CONSTELLATIONS IN THE WINTER NIGHT SKY. STARS USED IN THE CONSTELLATION ARE LISTED IN ITALICS.
*AURIGA CAPELLA
*TAURUS ALDEBERAN
*ORION RIGEL
*CANIS MAJOR SIRIUS
*CANIS MINOR PROCYON
*GEMINI CASTOR AND POLLUX
131
crust and mantle make up the
lithosphere
132
maritime trade networks were established in
1000 BC
133
the area of the world is the most tectonically active
pacific ring of fire
134
which organism lives in environments with extreme heat
thermophile
135
according to Wegener these two continents fit together like a puzzle
south America and africa
