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Biology (BIO1103) > MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

MIDTERM STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

Levels of biological organization?

A

organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, populations, communities, ecosystem, and biosphere

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2
Q

Major characteristics of Life?

A

Cellular organization, the ability to reproduce, growth & development, energy use, homeostasis, response to their environment, and the ability to adapt.

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3
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

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4
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A state of balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly.

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5
Q

What is adaptation?

A

the adjustment of organisms in order to improve their chances at survival in that environment.

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6
Q

What is evolution?

A

the change in heritable traits of biological populations over successive generations

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7
Q

How is life classified?

A

Species- genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, supergroup, domain

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8
Q

The Latin scientific name of species _________ and ________

A

Genus and species

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9
Q

What are the three domains of Life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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10
Q

What are the steps in the scientific method?

A

Make an observation, ask questions , form a hypothesis, make predictions, create experiment, collect data, conclusion, peer review, and publication

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11
Q

What are some challenges facing the society?

A

Climate change, greenhouse effect, biodiversity, habitat loss, extinction, and emerging diseases

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12
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that occupies space and has mass

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13
Q

What are elements?

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances with
different properties by ordinary chemical means.

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14
Q

What are atoms?

A

tiny particles that make up an element.

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15
Q

What are subatomic particles?

A

Make up an atom
proton (in nucleus) has a positive charge
neutron (in nucleus) has a neutral charge
electron (in valence ring) has a negative charge

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16
Q

What is the difference between Atomic number and Atomic mass?

A

Atomic mass is the number of protons and neutrons
Atomic number is the number of protons

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17
Q

What are isotopes?

A

are atoms of the same
element that differ in the number of
neutrons

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18
Q

What are the uses of radioactive isotopes?

A

A small amount of radioisotope can be put
in a sample to act as a tracer or tag to
detect molecular changes
Low levels of radiation

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19
Q

What is Octet rule?

A

the tendency of atoms to prefer to have eight electrons in the valence shell

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20
Q

What is a compound?

A

two or more different elements bond together

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21
Q

What is a molecule?

A

two or more atoms bonding together.

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22
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

attraction between two oppositely charged ions. Ions form when atoms lose or gain one or more electrons to become stable

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23
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

sharing of pairs of electrons

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24
Q

What is a nonpolar covalent bond?

A

sharing of electrons between atoms equally

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25
What is a polar covalent bond?
unequal sharing
26
What is electronegativity?
one of atoms exerts greater attraction for shared electrons than the other
27
What is a hydrogen bond?
weak attraction between slightly positive hydrogen and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom within same or different molecule.
28
What are the major properties of water?
High heat capacity, high heat vaporization, cohesion (hydrogen bonding), adhesion (polar surfaces), solvent, and it is more dense than ice.
29
What is an acidic pH?
0-6 releases hydrogen ions.
30
What is a basic pH?
8-14 uses hydrogen ions
31
What is a buffer?
This is used to the keep the pH within normal limits
32
What is a organic molecule?
refers to molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. These includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
33
What is an isomer?
organic molecules with the same molecular formula, but different shapes or arrangements.
34
What is a polymer?
constructed by linking together a large number of same type of subunit, called Monomer
35
What is a dehydration reaction?
joining monomer and lose water in the process
36
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
break down polymers and add water in the process
37
What is the function of protein?
he main functions of proteins in animals include:- - 1. metabolism:- enzymes that bring reactants together and increase rate of chemical reactions - 2. support – structures such as skin, hair, nails and ligaments are composed of structural proteins. - 3. Transport – channel and carrier proteins in plasma membrane regulate substances entering and exiting the cells - 4. Defense – complement proteins and antibodies assist the immune system in defending the body against pathogens (viruses, bacteria). - 5. Regulation – some hormones in the body are proteins that influence cellular behavior or serve as intercellular messengers that influence cell metabolism - 6. Motion – the contractile proteins of the muscular system allow muscles to contract. All cells contain proteins that move cell components to different internal locations.
38
What are the structures of protein?
Primary, linear Secondary, helix Tertiary, 3D Quaternary poly chain
39
What are the functions of amino acid?
Transport protein, receptors, and antibodies
40
What are monosaccharides?
They are subunits of monomers that consist of simple sugars like hexose or pentose EX: glucose, fructose, and galactose
41
What are disaccharides?
They are made up of two monosaccharides that are joined together through the dehydration reaction EX: sucrose and lactose
42
What are polysaccharides?
They are multiple long polymers EX: starch, glycogen and glucose.
43
What are nucleotides?
a molecular complex of three subunits; a phosphate functional group, a pentose sugar and a nitrogen
44
What is DNA?
Sugar: Deoxyribose Bases: adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine Structure: Double Helix
45
What is RNA?
Sugar: Ribose Bases: adenine, thymine, uracil and cytosine Structure: Single Helix
46
What is the function of ATP?
ATP is the energy carrier in cells ; serve as “small energy packets” suitable for supplying energy to a variety of cell’s chemical reactions
47
What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Prokaryotic cells – lack a membrane bound nucleus (two main domains associated with prokaryotes - Bacteria and Archaea) - Eukaryotic cells – has membrane-bound nucleus (belong to Eukarya domain) – e.g. fungi, plants, animals, and protists) that contains the genetic material.
48
What is the cell theory?
The Cell Theory – states that all organisms are made up of basic living units called cells, and that all cells come only from previously existing cells.
49
Ribosomes
protein synthesis
50
Rough ER
Folding, modification and transport of proteins for export or associated with membranes studded with ribosomes
51
Smooth ER
lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and detox chemicals
52
Golgi Apparatus
Processing, packing and distribution of proteins and lipids
53
Lysosomes
intracellular digestion, recycles cellular components.
54
Peroxisomes
Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide
55
Vacuoles
Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials
56
Chloroplasts
Site of photosynthesis
57
Mitochondria
cellular respiration
58
Cytoskeleton
a network of fibers that holds the cell together and enables it to keep its shape. These fibers include microtubules and microfilaments.
59
Endosymbiotic theory
a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes
60
Diffusion
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
61
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
62
facilitated diffusion
the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins
63
active transport
he movement of ions or molecules across a cell membrane into a region of higher concentration, assisted by enzymes and requiring energy.
64
Hypotonic
Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (swell)
65
Hypertonic
Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution. (shrink)
66
Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
67
Exocytosis
molecules exit cell and a vesicle fuses with plasma membrane as secretion occurs.
68
Endocytosis
a process in which a cell takes in materials from the outside by engulfing and fusing them with its plasma membrane.
69
Pinocytosis
Transports macromolecules into the cell
70
Phagocytosis
Transport large molecules into the cell
71
receptor-mediated endocytosis
The uptake of specific molecules based on a cell's receptor proteins
72
Desmosomes
serve to mechanically attach adjacent cells
73
Tight junctions
connect plasma membranes between adjacent cells together forming a zipper like fastening in tissues that form barriers
74
Gap junctions (communicating junctions)
allow cells to communicate. It allows small molecules and ions to pass between them
75
Meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
76
Mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (two identical daughter cells)
77
Interphase
(most time) During interphase, the cell:-- 1. grows larger - 2. the number of organelles doubles - 3. the amount of DNA doubles
78
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
79
S phase
DNA replication
80
G2 phase
The second growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
81
Prophase (mitosis)
starts the process of nuclear division. Chromatin condenses and chromosomes become visible
82
Prometaphase (Mitosis)
preparation of sister chromatid separation.Kinetochores appear on each side of the centromere and attach tosister chromatids
83
Metaphase
the chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate (M- Middle)
84
Anaphase
chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell (A- Away)
85
Telophase
chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed. (T-TADAAA)
86
Cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm during telophase (pinch off)
87
Prophase I (Meiosis)
synapsis occurs , and the spindle fiber and nuclear envelope fragments and nucleolus disappear
88
crossing over
Process in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during Prophase I in meiosis.
89
Metaphase I (Meiosis)
homologous chromosome pairs align at the metaphase plate
90
Anaphase I (Meiosis)
the homologous pair that aligned during metaphase I separates and move to opposite poles of the cell
91
Telophase I (Meiosis)
nuclear envelopes reforms, and nucleoli reappear, and may or may not be accompanied by cytokinesis
92
Interkinesis
Period of time between meiosis I and meiosis II during which no DNA replication takes place.
93
Prophase II (Meiosis)
Nuclear membrane disapperars and chromosomes coil; centrioles replicate and move to opposite poles no paring of chromosomes (P-Poles)
94
Metaphase II (Meiosis)
chromosomes line up and haploid number of duplicated chromosomes at metaphase plate
95
Anaphase II (Meiosis)
sister chromatids separate, becoming daughter chromosomes that move to the poles
96
Telophase II (Meiosis)
Cytokinesis occurs, four haploid daughter cells unique cells
97
potential energy
stored energy
98
kinetic energy
energy of motion
99
chemical energy
Energy stored in chemical bonds (food)
100
mechanical energy
Kinetic or potential energy associated with the motion or position of an object
101
Law of Conservation of Energy
the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another
102
Law of Thermodynamics Second Law
o When converting energy from one form to another the amount of useful energy decreases o There's less usable energy when one has to convert from one form to another.
103
Catabolism
Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.
104
Anabolism
Metabolic pathways that builds up molecules, requiring energy.
105
exergonic reaction
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy.
106
endergonic reaction
require an input of energy to occur
107
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
108
competitive inhibition
when an inhibitor binds to a location other than the active site,altering the enzyme's shape and prevents it from binding with the substrate.
109
noncompetitive inhibitor
when an inhibitor binds to a location other than the active site, altering the enzyme's shape and prevents it from binding with the substrate.
110
uncompetitive inhibition
inhibitor binds to the enzyme-substrate complex, preventing release of product
111
Oxidation
loss of electrons
112
reduction
gain of electrons
113
saturated fats
fats that are solid at room temperature
114
unsaturated fats
liquid at room temperature

Biology (BIO1103) (1 decks)

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