Midterm Study Guide

Question 1

What is Human Development?

Answer 1

The scientific study of how humans change over time

This includes physical, cognitive, and social-emotional changes.

Question 2

What does the Multidisciplinary Nature of development refer to?

Answer 2

Development draws from many fields (psychology, sociology, biology, etc.)

This highlights the complex interactions in human development.

Question 3

What are the Developmental Forces?

Answer 3

Biology, psychology, sociocultural context, and timing all interact in development.

Question 4

What is the difference between Continuity and Discontinuity in development?

Answer 4

Continuity refers to smooth, continuous changes; Discontinuity refers to discrete stages.

Question 5

What is the focus of Psychodynamic Theory according to Freud?

Answer 5

Focus on unconscious drives and conflicts.

Question 6

What is the focus of Psychosocial Theory by Erikson?

Answer 6

Stages of psychosocial development across the lifespan.

Question 7

What does Social Learning Theory by Bandura emphasize?

Answer 7

Learning occurs through observation and modeling.

Question 8

What is the central idea of Cognitive-Developmental Theory by Piaget?

Answer 8

Children construct knowledge that changes with experience.

Question 9

Who is Erik Erikson?

Answer 9

Theorist known for the Psychosocial theory with 8 stages of development across the lifespan.

Question 10

What are Albert Bandura and his developmental theories known for?

Answer 10

Known for Social Learning Theory and the concept of modeling.

Question 11

What does Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory examine?

Answer 11

Multiple levels of influence on development.

Question 12

What are the stages of Prenatal Development?

Answer 12

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus.

Remember “ZEF”

Question 13

What does the Ectoderm develop into?

Answer 13

Skin, sensory organs, nervous system.

Question 14

What is the Mesoderm responsible for developing?

Answer 14

Muscles, bones, circulatory system.

Question 15

What does the Endoderm develop into?

Answer 15

Digestive and respiratory systems.

Question 16

What is the Cephalocaudal principle of development?

Answer 16

Head-to-toe development.

Cephalocaudal -> cephalo (meaning head) and caudal (from the top or end)

Question 17

What does Proximo-distal development refer to?

Answer 17

Center-to-extremities development.

More accurately “origin,” to “ends, or terminating points”

Question 18

What are Teratogens?

Answer 18

Agents that cause abnormal prenatal development.

Question 19

What is Amniocentesis?

Answer 19

Tests fluid surrounding the fetus. Invasive and potentially fatal to the fetus in the event of unintentional PPROM.

PPROM - preterm premature rupture of membranes

Question 20

What is the Apgar Scale used for?

Answer 20

Measures newborn health (skin tone, breathing, muscle tone, etc.).

Question 21

How many hours do newborns typically sleep daily?

Answer 21

16-18 hours.

Question 22

What dimensions are included in Temperament?

Answer 22

Activity level, negative affect, effortful control, surgency.

Question 23

What is significant about Physical Development in infancy?

Answer 23

Growth rate is most rapid in early infancy.

Question 24

What is meant by experience-dependent and experience-expectant growth?

Answer 24

Brain development influenced by specific experiences and universal experiences.

Question 25

What benefits are associated with breastfeeding?

Answer 25

Provides essential nutrients and supports infant health. Particularly important for immunity in infants. ## Footnote Biology Bonus: Breast milk is a unique apocrine secretion that preserves and maintains large numbers of whole IgA antibodies for delivery directly to an infant.

Question 26

What are the milestones of Motor Development?

Answer 26

Rolling, sitting, crawling (creeping), walking.

Question 27

What is the progression of Grasping in infants?

Answer 27

From finger-only to finger-thumb coordination.

Question 28

What influences Handedness? As in left or right.

Answer 28

Both biology and sociocultural factors.

Question 29

What are False-Belief Studies used to assess?

Answer 29

Understanding others' thoughts around age four.

Question 30

What are Schemes in Piaget's Theory?

Answer 30

Mental frameworks that become more abstract with age.

Question 31

What does Equilibration refer to in cognitive development?

Answer 31

Balance between assimilation and accommodation.

Question 32

What is the significance of Developmental Stages in Piaget's Theory?

Answer 32

Must be accomplished in correct order.

Question 33

What is Operant Conditioning?

Answer 33

Learning based on consequences.

Question 34

What is Imitation in the context of learning?

Answer 34

Copying observed behaviors.

Question 35

What types of memory are involved in Memory Development?

Answer 35

Including autobiographical memory.

Question 36

What is Guided Participation in Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Answer 36

Cognitive growth through interaction with skilled individuals.

Question 37

What is Scaffolding in the context of learning?

Answer 37

Support adjusted to learner's needs.

Question 38

What does Private Speech refer to?

Answer 38

Internal mental dialogue that helps regulate behavior.

Question 39

What is Infant-Directed Speech?

Answer 39

Special tone/rhythm that attracts infant attention.

Question 40

What are the three Grammar Acquisition Theories?

Answer 40

* Behavioral * Cognitive * Social-interaction approaches.

Question 41

What is Trust vs. Mistrust in Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?

Answer 41

Developing basic trust through consistent caregiving (0-1 year).

Question 42

What is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt in Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?

Answer 42

Developing independence (1-3 years).

Question 43

What is Initiative vs. Guilt in Erikson's Psychosocial Stages?

Answer 43

Developing purpose and direction (3-6 years).

Question 44

What is the importance of Internal Working Models?

Answer 44

Mental representations of relationships critical for trust development.

Question 45

What is Social Referencing?

Answer 45

Using others' emotions as cues.

Question 46

What does Play Development refer to?

Answer 46

Parental coaching influences (bad coaching worse than none).

Question 47

What is Gender Schema Theory?

Answer 47

Children actively seek gender cues to organize their behavior.

Question 48

What is Socialization?

Answer 48

Process of learning cultural values, behaviors, and roles.

Question 49

What are the four Parenting Styles?

Answer 49

* Authoritarian: High control, low warmth * Authoritative: High control, high warmth * Permissive: Low control, high warmth * Uninvolved: Low control, low warmth.

Question 50

What is the Negative Reinforcement Trap in parenting?

Answer 50

Giving in to negative behaviors reinforces them.

Question 51

What is Time-Out in the context of discipline?

Answer 51

Effective discipline that avoids many punishment pitfalls.

Question 52

What are Bidirectional Influences in parenting?

Answer 52

Child temperament can shape parenting styles.