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Chemistry > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

solid

A

has a definite shape and volume

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2
Q

liquid

A

has a definite volume, but takes the shape of its container

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3
Q

gas

A

takes both the shape and volume of its container

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4
Q

physical property

A

a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substances compositions

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5
Q

physical change

A

a change to a material that does not change its composition

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6
Q

chemical property

A

when a composition of a material changes

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7
Q

chemical change

A

when the composition of a material changes

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8
Q

law of conversation of mass

A

in any physical or chemical change, matter is neither created nor destroyed, it is conserved

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9
Q

homogenous mixture

A

also called solution, uniform properties

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10
Q

heterogenous mixture

A

a mixture that is not uniform in composition

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11
Q

element

A

simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties

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12
Q

compound

A

a substance that can be separated into smaller substances only by chemical means

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13
Q

chemical symbol

A

on or two letters that represent an element

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14
Q

reactant

A

starting substances in a chemical reaction

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15
Q

product

A

substance formed in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

4 types of evidence that show a chemical reaction has occurred

A
  • precipitate
  • evolution of a gas
  • color change
  • energy change
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17
Q

accuracy

A

shows how close the measurement comes to the true value

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18
Q

precision

A

depends on its reproducibility

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19
Q

accepted value

A

the actual measurement accepted

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20
Q

significant figures

A

digits in a measurement that are known plus one that is estimated

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21
Q

scientific notation

A

a method of expressing numbers as a product of a coefficient and a power of 10

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22
Q

length

A

meter

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23
Q

mass

A

kilogram

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24
Q

time

A

second

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25
Mega
M 10 to the 6
26
micro
u like symbol 10 to the -6
27
kilo
k 10 to the 3
28
mili
m 10 to the -3
29
centi
c 10 to the -2
30
deci
d 10 to the -1
31
nano
n 10 to the -9
32
atom
the smallest particle of an element that retains to identity in a chemical reaction
33
electron
negatively charged subatomic particle
34
proton
positively charged subatomic particle
35
neutron
a subatomic particle with no charge
36
nucleus
central core of an atom, which contains most of the atoms mass
37
atomic mass unit
amu, find by multiply the mass of an isotope by its percent abundance, and another isotope of the same element, then adding the two
38
atomic number
number of protons in an element
39
isotope
atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
40
dalton so atomic theory
all elements are composed of tiny indivisible particles called atoms, all atoms of different elements can physically mix together, or can chemically combine in simple whole number ratios to form compounds, chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged; however atoms of one element are never changed into atoms of another element
41
electromagnetic spectrum
radiowaves, microwaves, infrared waves, (visible light), ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma waves
42
visible light
red orange yellow green blue indigo violet
43
radioactivity
the ability of an isotope to undergo radioactive decay
44
radioisotope
isotopes with unstable nuclei that are radioactive
45
components of a nuclear reactor
- coolant: usually water, reduces the heat produced - shielding: a large structure surrounding a nuclear reactor to prevent things from getting in and out - fuel: typically uranium-235 - moderator: reduces the speed of neutrons - control rods: absorb neutrons to control the rate of reaction
46
alpha particle
positively charged helium nuclei not very penetrating, can be stopped by clothes
47
beta particle
more penetration than alpha, can be stopped by metal foil
48
gamma radiation
has no mass or electric charge. extremely penetrating, stopped by concrete or lead bricks
49
half life
time required for one half of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay to products
50
nuclear fission
the splitting of an atomic nucleus into smaller fragments
51
nuclear fusion
reaction in which two light nuclei combine to form a nucleus of greater mass
52
Mendeleev
he predicted new elements which were later discovered
53
representative elements
groups 1A through 7A
54
noble gases
8A
55
alkali metals
1A
56
alkaline earth metals
2A
57
halogen
nonmetals in group 7A
58
transition metals
between groups 2A and 3A, between periods 4 through 7
59
inner transition metals
between groups 2A and 3A, in periods 6 and 7
60
ionization energy
the energy required to remove an electron from an atom
61
atomic radius
decrease as you move left to right, increase as you move down
62
electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons when it is in a compound
63
metal
good conductors of heat and electricity
64
nonmetals
poor conductors of heat and electric current
65
metalloids
have properties of metals and nonmetals
66
ion
an atom or group of atoms that have a positive or negative charge
67
cation
positively charged ion
68
anion
negatively charged ion
69
valence electron
electrons in the highest occupied energy level of an elements atom
70
octet rule
in forming compounds, atoms tend to react so as to acquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas
71
chemical formula
shows the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance
72
formula unit
the lowest whole number ratio of ions in an ionic compound
73
ionic bond
the electrostatic attraction the binds oppositely charged ions together
74
ionic compound
compounds composed of cations and anions
75
metallic bond
the attraction of free floating valence electrons for positively charged metal ions
76
coordination number
the number of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal
77
alloy
a mixture of two or more elements at least one of which is a metal
78
substance
matter that has uniform and definite composition

Chemistry (3 decks)

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