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Radiation Physics/Safety > Midterm Study Guide > Flashcards

Midterm Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

Physics involves what two things?

A

Matter, energy

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2
Q

This part of physics occupies space

A

Matter

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3
Q

Energy has the ability to do _____

A

Work

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4
Q

List the three atomic parts:

A
  1. Protons (+)
  2. Neutrons (neutral)
  3. Electrons (-)
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5
Q

The # of protons = what?

A

The atomic number

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6
Q

1 proton (#1 on table of elements)

A

Hydrogen

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7
Q

The ___ number = protons + neutrons

A

Mass

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8
Q

When an element is the same (same number of protons), but the mass number is different (different # of neutrons) it is called an ______

A

Isotope

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9
Q

When you change the number of ELECTRONS this is called ____

A

Ionization

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10
Q

More electrons = (__) ion, less electrons = (__) ion

A

-, +

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11
Q

What do the letters stand for? E=MC^2

A

Energy = Mass(Constant^2)

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12
Q

Constant is what?

A

Speed of light

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13
Q

There are many forms of energy. This type is created by movement (windmill)

A

Mechanical

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14
Q

This type of energy is “stored energy”, as is pressure loading a spring

A

Potential

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15
Q

Energy in motion (such as a roller coaster) is known as _____

A

Kinetic

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16
Q

A battery can be categorized as ___ energy

A

Chemical

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17
Q

___ energy is movement of electrons (such as power wires)

A

Electrical

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18
Q

____ energy is “in the tight bonds of atoms”. Ex: bomb

A

Nuclear

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19
Q

Energy that holds electrons in their orbits around the nucleus

A

Binding energy

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20
Q

Energy that moving electrons possess in their orbit

A

Centripetal energy

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21
Q

The closer the nucleus, the ___ the binding energy and the ___ the centripetal energy

A

Greater, lower

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22
Q

The three components of the electromagnetic spectrum:

A
  1. Wavelength
  2. Frequency
  3. Energy
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23
Q

____ is measured as the distance from crest to crest on a “wavy” line

A

Wavelength

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24
Q

____ = frequency x wavelength

A

Velocity

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25
Q

Frequency and wavelength are ____ proportional. One gets larger the other gets smaller

A

Inversely

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26
Q

Frequency and Energy are ____ proportional. They both get larger or smaller together

A

Directly

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27
Q

Frequency is measured in ___

A

Hertz (Hz)

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28
Q

The discoverer or developer of X-Rays

A

Wilhelm Roentgen (1895)

29
Q

These are electrically neutral, travel straight and at the speed of light, can cause ionization in matter, cause fluorescence (light from crystals), cannot be focused by a lens, produce changes in matter, and produce secondary/scatter radiation

A

X-rays (these are their properties)

30
Q

In general, the # of something per area is called ____

A

Density

31
Q

When radiation can go THROUGH the object, that object is considered radioLUCENT. This results in an area of ____ radiographic density (black area on film)

A

High

32
Q

An object that can stop the radiation from going through it is considered radioopaque. This results in an area of ___ radiographic density (clear/white on film)

A

Low

33
Q

The negative end of the X-ray tube is called _____, the positive end is called ____

A

Cathode, anode

34
Q

The ____ on the cathode end of the tube heats up to 2,200 degrees to release electrons

A

Filament

35
Q

The release of electrons from the filament is called ___ emission

A

Thermionic

36
Q

This is a rotating part of the X-Ray Tube, made of tungsten due to it’s high melting point. This is where the “X-rays” are made

A

Anode

37
Q

____ are created by getting the electrons up to 1/2 the speed of light and smashing them into the anode

A

X-rays

38
Q

The ___ motor rotates the anode at 3,600 RPM

A

Stator

39
Q

Why do they have the anode rotate?

A

Dissipates heat

40
Q

Current is measured in ____

A

Amperes (amps)

41
Q

mA stands for?

A

Milliamperes (milliamps)

42
Q

This is a measure of the current through the filament. It controls the NUMBER of electrons that are boiled off

A

Milliamps (mA)

43
Q

Force is measured in ___

A

Voltage (V)

44
Q

This controls the SPEED of electrons and energy of the x-ray

A

Force (kV)

45
Q

Peak force, AKA ____

A

kVp

46
Q

When we set the voltage on an x-ray machine we call it ____

A

Kilovolts peak (kVp)

47
Q

What are the 3 settings to get an image via x-ray?

A
  1. mA (current)
  2. kVp (peak force)
  3. Time
48
Q

The Big Formula?

A

mA x Time(S) =mAS

49
Q

If you increase the mAS you ____ the density

A

Increase

50
Q

So, doubling the mAS would ___ the radiographic density

A

Double

51
Q

The ____ interaction is when electrons interact with the nucleus, the path is changed and energy is given off in the form of an x-ray

A

Bremsstrahlung

52
Q

Tungsten is #___ on the table of elements

A

74

53
Q

When vibration of the electrons without removing the electron from it’s shell occurs, ____ is the result

A

Heat

54
Q

Heat is __% of the electron interactions at the anode

A

99%

55
Q

Bremsstrahlung is __-__% of the remaining 1% of electron interactions at the anode (heat is 99%)

A

80-90%

56
Q

This is equal to mA x kVp x S(time)

A

Heat units

57
Q

The higher the kVp, the ____ the radiographic density (if mA and time stay the same)

A

Higher

58
Q

If you increase the kVp by __% you will have the same effect as doubling the density.

A

15%

59
Q

Rule of thumb for 15% kVp increase: an increase in kVp by __ in the 60-90 range will double the radiographic density

A

10

60
Q

A variation of the intensity of the x-ray beam due to the configuration of the anode is called the ____ effect

A

Anode heel

61
Q

An x-ray photon with energy > or = to 10 MeV (10,000 kV) strikes the nucleus of an atom. The energy of the photon is absorbed and a nuclear particle is ejected. Not seen in diagnostic radiology because of remarkably high levels of energy that are necessary for it. This is called ____

A

Photodisintegration

62
Q

____ is an interaction of x-rays with matter at 1,000 kV. The photon hits the nucleus and 2 particles are produced, one negative electron and one positive electron (positron).

A

Pair production

63
Q

Coherent/classical scattering of x-rays is below __ kV w/no change in energy, just direction.

A

5

64
Q

____ scattering removes and electron (e-) and changes direction w/most of it’s energy

A

Compton’s

65
Q

The ___ effect occurs when there is absorption of the energy and an electron (e-) is ejected. The X-ray has been stopped.

A

Photoelectric

66
Q

3 factors of?

  1. X-ray photon must have more energy than the electron to knock it out of it’s shell.
  2. The closer the energies of the photon and electron the more likely the effect is to happen
  3. Electrons that are more tightly bound will increase the chances that this effect occurs (more electrons = more likely to occur)
A

Photoelectric effect

67
Q

Increased kVp = _____ scatter

A

Increased (less likely that photoelectric effect will occur)

68
Q

If you go up 15% kVp (to double the density), you would have to do what to your mAS to keep the radiographic density the same as it was on the first image?

A

Cut it in half

Radiation Physics/Safety (1 decks)

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