Midterm Study Review Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory
A
The theory of human behavior and development that focuses on the inner self and how emotions determine the way we interpret our experiences and thus how we act.
2
Q
Oedipal Complex
A
v
3
Q
Id
A
v
4
Q
Ego
A
v
5
Q
Superego
A
v
6
Q
Erikson’s theory of Psychosocial development and the 8 stages (know what they are, how to apply them, and the ages)
A
m
7
Q
Classical conditioning (little Albert)
A
a process of associative learning by which a subject comes to respond in a desired manner to a previously neutral stimulus.
8
Q
operant conditioning
A
a process of learning in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased as a result of reward or punishment that follows.
9
Q
bandura’s social learning theory (BoBo Doll)
A
v
10
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
in piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from birth to about 2 yrs. infants learn by relating sensations to motor actions.
11
Q
Pre-operational stage
A
in Piaget’s theory, that stage of cognitive development from about 2-7 yrs. children acquire a mental storehouse of images and symbols, especially spoken and written words.
12
Q
concrete operation stage
A
In Piaget’s theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 7-11 yrs. children make giant strides in their ability to organized ideas and think logically, but where their logical reasoning is limited to real objects and actual experiences and events.
13
Q
Formal operation stage
A
in Piagets theory, the stage of cognitive development that starts at about 11 yrs. individuals develop the ability to apply logical reasoning to abstract phenomena.
14
Q
Assimilation
What does this mean?
How does it fit into Piaget’s model?
A
v
15
Q
Accommodation
What does this mean?
How does it fit into Piaget’s model?
A
v
16
Q
Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective
- know the 5 systems in order
- know what the microsystem entails
A
a perspective on human development that emphasizes the contexts, both proximal and distant, in which development occurs, often associated with the work of Urie Bronfenbrenner.
- Microsystem
- Mesosytem
- Exosystem
- Macrosystem
17
Q
Behavioral genetics
A
The study of inherited bases of behavior.
18
Q
Sociocultural perspective
A
a perspective on human development that stresses the ways in which development involves adaptation to specific cultural demands.
19
Q
Scientific method
A
a systematic, step by step procedure for testing ideas.
- format a question
- develop a hypothesis
- conduct a study
- analyze the data
- make findings public
20
Q
hypothesis
A
a prediction that can be tested empirically and supported or rejected on the basis of scientific evidence.
21
Q
replication
A
the repetition of a study using the same methods.
22
Q
Representative sample
A
a group of participants in a research study who represent the larger population the scientist wants to draw conclusions about.
23
Q
Participant observation
A
a method of data collection in which the researcher observes and interacts with individuals in their everyday settings.
24
Q
Self-report
A
a method of data collection in which the researcher asks individuals about themselves, either through questionnaires or interviews.
25
Standardized tests
measures that are generally accepted by other scientists as reliable and valid, often with norms derived from their prior administration to large representative samples.
26
Reliability
the extent to which a measure yields assessments that are consistent, or the degree to which any instrument measures something the same way each time it is used under the same condition with the same subjects.
27
Validity
the extent to which a measure assesses what it is suppose to measure rather than something else; also can be used to refer to the truth or accuracy of conclusion drawn from scientific study.
28
Case study
an intensive study of one or a small number of individuals or families.
29
Correlational study
A study in which the researcher examines two or more variables to see if they are linked in any way.
30
positive correlation
When 2 variables are correlated such that high levels of one variable are associated with high levels of the other, and low levels of one are associated with low levels of the other.
31
negative correlation
when 2 variables are correlated such that high levels of one variable are associated with Low levels of the other, and low levels of one are associated with high levels of the other.
32
Experiment
a research design in which the researcher controls conditions in the hopes of drawing conclusions about cause and effect.
33
Independent Variable
in an experiment, the element the researcher introduces or manipulates in order to examine its effects on one or more outcomes of interest; in non-experimental research, this can refer to variables that are used to predict outcomes of interest.
34
Dependent variable
in an experiment, the outcome of interest; in non-experiemental research, this can refer to variables that are predicted by other factors
35
Treatment (experimental) group
in an experiment, a group of participants who receive a predetermined program, intervention, or treatment and who then are compared with a control group and/or other treatment groups.
36
control group
in an experiment, a comparison group of participants who do not receive the predetermined program, intervention, or treatment received by the treatment group.
37
Random assignment
in an experiment, the practice of assigning participants to treatment or control groups on a random basis, to attempt to limit any observed differences between them to the presence or absence of the treatment.
38
Natural experiment
a research design that takes advantage of naturally occurring events that affect some individual but not others, or that makes use of an opportunity to measure development before and after a naturally occurring event has occurred.
39
longitudinal study
a study in which researchers follow the same individuals over time and assess them more than once.
40
Cross-sectional study
a study in which researchers compare individuals of different ages at the same time.
41
Cohort Effect
the influence on the fact that people of different ages grew up in different eras and had different experiences, which complicates drawing conclusions about age differences found in cross-sectional studies.
42
Ethics regarding Human subject research
v
43
genetic determination
the idea that human qualities are genetically determined and can not be changed by nature or education
44
Eugenics
a philosophy that advocated the used of controlled breeding to encourage child bearing among individuals with characteristics considered "desirable" and to discourage (or eliminate) childbearing among those with "undesired" traits.
45
Tabula Rasa
("blank slate") the notion, usually associated with the philosopher Jock Locke, that nothing about development is predetermined, and that the child is entirely a product or his or her environment and experience.
46
Twin studies
A method for estimating heritability in which the degree of similarity in a trait that is observed among identical twins is compared with that observed among fraternal twins.
47
Identical twins
Twins that are born when a single fertilized egg divides, resulting in the birth of 2 individuals who genetic makeup is identical.
48
Fraternal twins
Twins born when 2 separate eggs are fertilized, who are therefore no more alike genetically than other brothers and sisters.
49
Adoption Studies
a method for estimating heritability in which similarities between children and their adoptive parents are compared with similarities between children and their biological parents.
50
Family relatedness studies
A method for estimating heritability by comparing the similarity of children who vary in their genetic relatedness (siblings, half siblings, and step siblings.)
51
Shared environment
In behavioral genetics, the environment that siblings have in common.
52
non shared environment
In behavioral genetics, the environment that siblings do no have in common, such as the peers with whom they are friends.
53
Theory of evolution
Typically refers to the variant of the model of evolution formalized by Charle Darwin, which asserts that organisms evolve and change through the process of natural selection.
54
survival of the fittest
Within Darwin's theory of evolution, the notion that organisms are best equipped to survive in a given context are more likely to reproduce and pass their genetic material onto further generations.
55
heritability
The extent to which a phenotypic trait is genetically determined.
56
Natural selection
Within Darwin's theory of evolution, the process through which adaptive traits that are heritable become more common while maladaptive traits that are heritable become less so.
57
Stem cells
The newest, youngest, and least developed cells that can be grafted to repair damaged parts of the CNS or replace cells that have died.
58
chromosomes
strands of DNA that carry genes and associated proteins.
59
gene
segments of DNA occupying a specific place on a chromosome
60
genotype
The underlying genetic makeup of an individual organism (contrast with genotype)
61
phenotype
the observable traits and characteristics of an individual organism (contrast with genotype)
62
Additive heredity
the process of genetic transmission that results in a phenotype that is a mixture of the mothers and fathers traits.
63
Dominant/ recessive heredity
The process of genetic transmission where one version (allele) of a gene is dominant over another, resulting in the phenotypic expression of only the dominant allele.
64
mutations
copying errors in the replication of DNA that alter the proteins a gene or chromosome produces.
65
microsystems
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development, a setting in which the child interacts with others face-to-face (family, classroom)
66
mesosystems
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development, the system of interconnected Microsystems.
67
exosystems
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective on development, they layer of the context that includes the larger settings that children know only in part (the neighborhood) and settings in which children themselves do not participate (parents' workplaces)
68
macrosystems
In Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective, the layer of context that includes the larger forces that define a society at a particular point in time, including culture, politics, economics, the mass media, and historical events.
69
Familism
placing high value on the interests of the family rather than the individual.
70
Gene-environment interaction
v
71
embryo
v
72
fetus
v
73
embryonic stage
v
74
gestation
The period from conception to birth that lasts about 280 days, counting from the mothers last menstrual period.
75
ovum (ova)
females sex cells (egg) girls are born with about 2 million eggs. ovum=singular one= plural
76
ovulation
an event that occurs about every 28 days for women, in which a follicle in one of he ovaries ruptures, releasing a mature ovum to begin its 4-5 day journey down a Fallopian tube toward the uterus.
77
fertilization
insemination of an ovum by a sperm.
78
zygote
The new cell created with the egg and sperm fuse
79
placenta
c
80
implantation
on reaching the uterus, the zygote embeds in the uterus's nutrient-rich lining (endometrium), like roots of a growing plant into soil.
81
infertility
failure to conceive a child after 12 months of sexual intercourse without birth control.
82
fertility drugs
Hormone based agents that enhance ovarian activity
83
artificial insemination
The most common treatment for male infertility, which involves inserting sperm directly into the woman's uterus with a syringe.
84
in vitro fertilization
The best known and most common advanced reproductive technology procedure in which the woman takes fertility drugs so that her body releases more than one egg, her one are surgically extracted during ovulation, and then are mixed with her partners sperm in a laboratory dish
85
surrogate mother
The woman who is impregnated with a males sperm through artificial insemination or with the couples embryo, conceived in vitro
86
amnionic sac
A protective membrane filled with warm liquid that cushions the embryo.
87
quickening
the first fetal movements the mother can feel
88
temperament (all types/examples)
A child's emotional and behavioral predispositions
89
ultrasound imaging
A technology that provides a lining picture of prenatal development (including sex differentiation)
90
genetic counseling
A profession designed to help couples understand how heredity might affect their child.
91
amniocentesis
A prenatal test in which, using ultrasound as a guide, the doctor inserts a thin needle through the woman's abdomen into the uterus to withdraw amniotic fluid that contains skin cells from the fetus.
92
chronic villi sampling
A fetal test that involves removal of a small piece of the villi, extensions that attach the amniotic sac to the wall of the uterus.
93
Risks associated with age at pregnancy for a female
v
94
teratogen (know the effects of different ones on a fetus and an embryo)
Any environmental substance that can have a negative impact on fetal development and possibly result in birth defects or even death.
95
effects of maternal stress/drinking/drugs on an embryo and fetus
v
96
HIV- how to prevent it, what it is, how its transmitted
Causes AIDS
97
AIDS- how to prevent it, what it is, how its transmitted
a disease that comprises the immune system and is spread through sexual contact.
98
Sudden infant death syndrome- how to prevent it/ what is it?
unexplained death, usually during the night, of an infant under 1 years old.
99
sensitive period
A time in development during which the organism is especially vulnerable to experience
100
oxytocin
A maternal pituitary gland hormone that is involved in affiliation and nurturing behavior as well as sexual excitement and orgasms.
101
cesarean section
method of delivering a baby surgically through an incision in the mothers abdomen.
102
preterm- causes, how to prevent
Babies born before the 37th week of pregnancy
103
low birth weight- causes, how to prevent
babies born weighing less than 5.5 pounds.
causes:
How to prevent it:
104
Apgar test- know numbers and how its performed
A delivery room test that assesses a newborn with a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of the 5 scales: appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
105
directionality
A principle of development that refers to how body proportions change: cephalocaudal means advancing from head to tail, and proximodistal means progressing progressing from the center of the body outward.
106
norms
Average outcomes rather than actual or even ideal ones.
107
individual differences
The variations among individuals on a characteristic.
108
Corpus callosum
the connection between 2 halves or hemispheres of the brain
109
neurotransmitters
electrochemical through which neurons intercommunicate
110
plasticity
The idea that development is malleable; applied to the brain, plasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize its structure and function.
111
multiple sclerosis
a disease in which the autoimmune system strips neurons of myelin, leading to loss of motor control.
112
autonomic nervous system
The division of the nervous system that regulates many body activities without our voluntary control (breathing, blood flow, or digestion)
113
cycle
moving in an identifiable and predictable rhythm
114
reflexes
Simple, involuntary response to certain stimuli that have (or had) adaptive significance.
115
dynamic systems theory
A perspective on human development that views the many facets of development as part of a single dynamic, consistently changing system.
116
Autism spectrum disorder
A disorder characterized by difficulty in expressing needs and inability to socialize
117
infant-directed speech
A special speech register reserve for babies that simplifies normal adult-directed speech in many ways.
118
adaptation
The process whereby knowledge is altered by experience. adaptation involves 2 complementary processes, assimilation and accommodation.
119
assimilation
The process by which information can be incorporated according to what the infant already knows. Assimilation allows the infant to use existing understanding to make sense of the world.
120
accommodation
In Piaget's theory, the Childs adaptation of an existing way of thinking in response to new information.
121
sensorimotor period
In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development from birth to about age 2, during which infants learn by relating sensations to motor action.
122
object permanence
The understanding that an object continues to exist, even when it can not be sensed.
123
categorization
A process that involves grouping separate items into a set according to some rule.
124
exploratory play
Childs play in which activities are tied to the tangible properties of objects.
125
symbolic play
Children play that enacts activities performed by the self, others, and objects in pretend of make believe scenarios.
126
validity
The extent to which a measure assesses what it is suppose to measure rather than something else; also can be used to refer to the truth or accuracy of conclusion drawn from scientific study.
127
scaffolding
Providing learning opportunities, materials, hints, and clues when a child has difficulty with a task.
128
phonology
Sounds in language that are produced and perceived.
129
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences, or the context of speech.
130
syntax
The rules that define the way in which words and phrases are arranged to ensure correct and meaningful communications.
131
turn taking
v
132
gestures
v
133
socioeconomic status
The education, occupation, and income of householders.
134
Harlow (monkey study)
v
135
attachment theory
v
136
strange situation (what are they assessing in the procedure? what people are present?)
An experimental paradigm that reveals security of attachment
137
reciprocity
a lesson in social interaction in which partners take turns acting and reacting to others behavior.
138
trust
A lesson in social interaction that involves learning that another person can be counted on to respond when signaled.
139
secure base
The trustworthy place infants count on for protection and accessibility when needed as they explore and interact with other people.
140
parenting and its effects on attachment/mental health, overall wellbeing
v
141
secure attachment style
v
142
insecure attachment style (only know basic info)
vv
143
disorganized/disorientated attachment style (basic info)
v
144
eriksons trust vs. mistrust
v
145
emotions
v
146
temperament (characteristics, origins)
v
147
emotional expression
v
148
emotional understanding
b
149
social referencing
The tendency to use others' emotional expressions to interpret uncertain or ambiguous events.
150
goodness of fit
a concept that refers to a match of the child's temperament and the demands of the environment
151
contact comfort
The gratification derived from touch.
152
non parental care (types, effects)
Daycare (in home, out of home, etc.)
vv
153
fatherhood importance
v
154
normative development
A pattern of development that is typical or average.
155
body mass index (BMI)
calculated by dividing weight (measured in kilograms) by height (measured in meters) squared
156
obesity
Determined by BMI. Children in the 95th percentile or higher (for their age and sex) are considered obese. children between the 85th and the 94th percentile are classified as overweight.
157
gross motor skills
Abilities required to control the large movements of the arms, legs, and feet, or the whole body. (running, jumping, climbing, throwing)
158
fine motor skills
Abilities required to control the smaller movements of the hands and fingers, such as picking up small objects or trying on shoes.
159
pretend play
Make believe play in which common objects are often used to symbolize other objects
160
reversibility
a logical operation that requires an understanding that relations can be returned to their original state by reversing operations - if nothing has been added or taken away.
161
conservation
The understanding that some characteristics of objects (including volume, mass, and number) do not change despite changes in form or appearance when nothing is added or taken away.
162
centration
v
163
egocentrism
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, egocentrism refers to the child's inability to see other peoples viewpoints.
164
animism
belief that inanimate objects are alive and have thoughts, feelings, and motives like humans.
165
zone of proximal development
the gap between what a child can do alone and what a child can do with assistance.
166
guided participation
the varied ways children learn their society's values and practices through participation in family and community activities.
167
fast mapping
a phenomenon that refers to how easily children pick up words they have heard only a few times.
168
telegraphic speech
simple, meaningful two-word utterances spoken by young children
169
overregulation
when children mistakenly apply regular grammatical rules to irregular cases
170
semantics
the meaning of words and sentences, or the content of speech
171
child-care homes
child care settings in which a caregiver takes from 1-6 children into his or her home.
172
child-care centers
child-care settings generally run by trained staff in which children are divided into classes or groups of same-age children, and activities are designed for their particular level of development.
173
socialization
The process of developing cultural values and rules for behavior.
174
self-conception
A cognitive construction that reflects a child's level of mental development and social construction that reflects the child's interactions and experiences with other people.
175
self-esteem
a global assessment of self-worth
176
initiative vs guilt
v
177
internal working model
v
178
gender identity
a persons sense of self as a male or female.
179
gender constancy
the concept that gender is consistent and immutable
180
gender socialization
social norms conveyed to children that concern characteristics associated with being male or female.
181
rough-and-tumble play
physically vigorous behaviors such as chasing, jumping, and play fighting that are accompanied by shared smiles and laughter.
182
self-conscious emotion
an emotion that involves evaluation of oneself or pride.
183
emotional intelligence
The ability to monitor ones own and other's feelings and to use that information to guide thinking and action.
184
emotional regulation
the ability to inhibit, enhance, maintain, and modulate emotional arousal to accomplish a goal
185
externalizing problems
psychosocial problems that are manifested in outward symptoms, such as aggression or noncompliance.
186
prosocial behavior
voluntary actions such as sharing, cooperating, helping, and comforting that are intended to benefit another person.
187
conscience
an internalized sense of right and wrong that invokes positive feelings about doing the right thing and negative feelings about doing something wrong.
188
empathy
understanding and sharing another persons feelings
189
agression (physical and verbal)
actions that are intended to harm or injure another person.
190
developmental trajectory
a pathway of developmental change that connects to past, present, and future.
191
internalizing problems
psychosocial problems that are manifested in inward symptoms, such as depression and anxiety.
192
Baumrind
g
193
authoritative parenting
parenting style characterized by high warmth and high control
194
authoritarian parenting
parenting style characterized by low warmth and high control.
195
permissive parenting
parenting style characterized by high warmth and low control; also known as "indulgent" parenting.
196
disengaged parenting
parenting style characterized by low warmth and low control
197
simple pretend play
fantasy play behavior in which children match or mimic each other but do not collaborate in any organized way.
198
associative pretend play
social fantasy play behavior in which children create a story or script with a series of actions in a meaningful sequence.
199
cooperative pretend play
social fantasy play behavior in which children develop a script and play reciprocal roles. (mother and baby)
200
neonatal behavior assessment scale - how is it performed
a test for newborns that uses reflexes and social interaction to asses their overall wellbeing, including motor capabilities, state changes, attention, and CNS stability
201
pre operational period
The 2nd stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, from about age 2-7, during which children acquire a mental storehouse of images and symbols, especially spoken or written words.
202
peers
age-mates who are equals in terms of skills and maturity.
203
prenatal period
the period of development from conception to birth.
204
infancy
the period of development from birth to about age 2
205
early childhood
the period of development from about ages 2-6
