Midterm Terms

Question 1

Border Work

Answer 1

Interaction across groups that serves to highlight and cement the border between them
Boys chasing girls
Thorne

Question 2

Gender Crossing

Answer 2

Process through which an individual boy or girl seeks access to groups and activities of the other gender
singular girl playing flag
Thorne

Question 3

Heterosexualized Interactions

Answer 3

Policies cross-gender interactions
Teasing
Thorne

Question 4

Doing Gender Paradigm

Answer 4

suggest that if gender can be “done” then it can also be “undone”
critiques gender role theory because it assumes we are all learning the same roles… it doesn’t account for variations in HOW roles are learned, interpreted, or acted out
we do gender, it is compulsory through interactions
Garrison

Question 5

Gender Role Theory

Answer 5

Conceptualization of gender as a role (1970)
offers limited explanations of how roles change over time
gender roles as learned and based on binary distinctions
West and Zimmerman refute it

Question 6

Emphasized Femininity

Answer 6

Culturally dominant version of womanhood
Oriented to accommodating the interests and desires of men
not all women have access to the cultural resources necessary to embody this version of femininity
Connell

Question 7

Gender Accountability

Answer 7

pervasiveness with which gender infiltrate our interactions
parameters within which we have to interact with regard to our construction of gender
how society makes us perform our gender and makes us aware that we SHOULD behave as gendered people in a particular way
you might have to provide a story to justify your actions
Garrison

Question 8

Gender Attribution

Answer 8

how we interpret and categorize someone by gender, which society tells us is related to our bodies
the process through which individuals “read” the gender performance of others and assign a gender category to them
Fausto-Sterling

Question 9

Gender Binary

Answer 9

Idea that there are only two types of people and these types are fundamentally different and contrasting or “opposite”
internalized through socialization
culturally and socially constructed

Question 10

Gender Identity

Answer 10

Our sense of ourselves as a gendered individual

Question 11

Gender Policing

Answer 11

How institutions construct and enforce gender as a binary
actions taken against a person to reinforce the binary
Wade and Ferree

Question 11

Gender Expression

Answer 11

How we communicate and convey our gender identity to others

Question 12

Gender Roles and Socialization

Answer 12

1970s logic - doesn’t explain cultural changes
set of learned and expected norms and behaviors that corresponds to a gender category
process through which individuals learn the norms, roles, and expected behaviors within a society

Question 13

Gender Salience / Relaxed, Gender Neutral Interactions

Answer 13

The relevance of gender across contexts, activities, and spaces
it is VARIABLE
muted when activity is absorbing, kids are not responsible for forming their groups, grouping isn’t based on gender, less public and crowded spaces

Question 14

Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 14

Culturally dominant and universalized version of masculinity that sets the standard against which other versions of masculinity are measured
Dominant cultural CONSTRUCT … domination through consent
does not benefit all men equally, constantly under threat
homosocial –> by men for men
Connell

Question 15

Homophobia and its Relationship to Hegemonic Masculinity

Answer 15

Homophobia is central to contemporary definitions of masculinity, oppressing of other forms of masculinity to reassert your own
interwoven with sexism and racism

Question 16

Intersex

Answer 16

A person born with ambiguous genitalia

Question 17

Institutions and Gender “Rules”

Answer 17

Institutions operate in concert to structure and organize daily life in the social world
Enforce social rules and norms experienced by socialization and the gender binary

Question 18

Patriarchal Bargain

Answer 18

Doing emphasized femininity in exchange for male support and approval
Kimmel

Question 19

Subordinated Masculinities

Answer 19

non-normative
you must be a heterosexual man to adhere to hegemonic masculinity
Connell

Question 20

Transformative Standards and Dominant Narratives of Trans Identities

Answer 20

“Trans enough”
Born or trapped in the wrong body
Gender dysphoria in childhood
desire for medical alteration
unhappiness/suffering/struggle
Garrison

Question 21

Max Beck

Answer 21

intersex activist
brought up as a girl and transitioned back to man
didn’t realize he was intersex until later in life
no consent in the process

Question 22

1970s Theory

Answer 22

Gender ROLE theory
We are all learning the same roles and work for the same gender “script”
focuses on socialization and learning roles

Question 23

1980s-1990s Theory

Answer 23

Performative / Doing of Gender
we don’t perform gender roles in the same way in every situation
gender transcends settings
hegemonic masculinity

Question 24

1990s-2000s

Answer 24

Intersex activists emerging in mainstream

Question 25

Fausto-Sterling

Answer 25

1993 Qual study w/ trans people Sex is more than two categories Medical practices force intersex people into two categories w/o their consent society constructs rigid ideas about gender based on biological sex gender attribution occurs w/o checking people's genitals

Question 26

Kessler

Answer 26

1990 Qual study w/ medical practitioners socio-cultural norms influence medical practices Doctors make decisions about gender based on shared cultural values

Question 27

Triea

Answer 27

1990s Experiences at JHU lack of consent in treatment, heteronormativity, pornographic methodology in Money's treatments

Question 28

Thorne

Answer 28

1986 Ethnography in CA schools Gender segregation among children is not simply a natural phenomenon but a social construct reinforced through everyday interactions and socialization processes in schools critiques separate worlds theory limits sex-role socialization theory ... sex and gender are more complicated sex is variable, not static

Question 29

West and Zimmerman

Answer 29

1980s Gender is something performed rather than something people "are" Critique gender role theory gender is not optional gender constantly created and recreated through interaction Doing Gender Paradigm Gender is MORE than a scheduled socially scripted display

Question 30

Garrison

Answer 30

2018 Qual, Trans individuals People who transition from one gender category to another are in a better position to undo gender categories non-binary individuals may have to overcompensate to avoid invisibility and establish themselves as legitimately trans Trans identities framed by dominant narratives of what's "Trans enough"

Question 31

Connell

Answer 31

1980 Hegemonic masculinity no one can successfully embody it justifies, naturalizes, and legitimizes social disadvantage oppression of women is a chief mechanism that links masculinities all men benefit from it, but not equally emphasized femininity --> all forms of femininity are constructed in the context of the overall subordination of women to men

Question 32

Kimmel

Answer 32

1990s Manhood is socially constructed and historical marketplace man a man IN power, WITH power, OF power Masculinity as a flight from the feminine Homosocial enactment done for other men all men benefit but they feel powerless bc they have to constantly defend their masculinity

Question 33

Bo Laurent

Answer 33

1990s spoke out against the medical establishment children should not be getting genital-normalizing surgery

Question 34

Sean Wall

Answer 34

Intersex activist speaks out about medical professionals performing gender normalizing surgery

Question 35

Alice Dreger

Answer 35

challenged the idea that genitalia define gender

Question 36

Second-wave Feminists

Answer 36

Sought to challenge the idea that biology = destiny

Question 37

1970s Theory

Answer 37

emphasis on the social value placed on characteristics associated w/ the male "sex" role and devaluing of female gender roles idea that if roles and associated norms are learned, they can be relearned or unlearned

Question 38

1980s SHIFT

Answer 38

to performance, practice, and interaction challenge the idea that gender should be understood as a role performance involves agency and changes over time

Question 39

Gender Display (Goffman)

Answer 39

sees gender expression as one way that we communicate about ourselves to others through human interaction

Question 40

1980s Theorists About Masculinity

Answer 40

challenging the notion that there is a singular masculinity