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Midterm Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Jugular Groove Borders

A

sternocephalicus ventrally

Brachiocephalicus dorsally

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2
Q 
Sternocephalicus 
O: 
I: 
Action
Nerve
A 
manubrium of the sternum
I: ramus of the mandible 
Action: Turns head and neck unilaterally 
Flexes head and neck bilaterally
Nerve: ventral branch of the accessory
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3
Q

Brachiocephalicus action and innervation

A

Unilaterally advances limb or turns head
Bilaterally flexes head and neck
Nerve: accessor, axillary, and cervical

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4
Q

cleidomastoideus origin and insertion

A

O: clavicular intersection
I: mastoid process

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5
Q

Cleidobrachialis Origin and Insertion

A

O: claviular intersection
I: Crest of the humerus

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6
Q

Trapezius Cervicis O, I, Action, and Innervation

A

O: funiculus nuchae
I: Spine of the scapula
Action: Elevate and advance scapula
Innervation: Dorsal branch of the accessory

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7
Q

Trapezius Thoracis O, I, Action, and Innervation

A

O: Supraspnous ligament
I: Spine of the scapula
Action: elevate and retract scapula
Innervation: dorsal branch of the accessory

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8
Q

Carotid sheath

A

vagosympathetic trunk, common carotid, recurrent laryngeal, and tracheal lymphatic ducts

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9
Q

Where is a tracheotomy performed?

A

Between cartilages 4 and 6

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10
Q

Where are the cranial deep cervical lymph nodes?

A

On trachea, near thyroid gland

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11
Q

What ligament runs from the end of the funicular nuchal ligament (T3) and caudal?

A

Supraspinous ligament

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12
Q

What ligament keeps scapula to the body?

A

dorsoscapular ligament

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13
Q

What branches make up the brachial plexus?

A

C6, C7, C8, T1, and T2

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14
Q

Borders of the paralumbar fossa

A

costal arch, tuber coxe, and epaxails??

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15
Q

What is seen within the paralumbar fossa?

A

Deep circumflex iliac, and T18-L2

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16
Q

Layers of the abdomen outside in

A 
abdominal tunic
External Abdominal oblique 
Internal abdominal oblique 
Trasversus abdominus 
External lamina of the Rectus Sheath
Rectus Abdominus 
Internal lamina of rectus sheath
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17
Q

What makes up the intenal lamina?

A

transversus abdominus

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18
Q

What makes up the external lamina?

A

Aponeurosis of the external AND internal abdominal oblique

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19
Q

What are the impressions on the kidney?

A

renal, costal, duodenal, and colic

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20
Q

Where are parsites found in the stomach of equid?

A

NON- glandular portion i.e. the blind sac

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21
Q

What separates the stratified squamous epithelium (white) of blind sac from the glandular mucosa?

A

Margo plicatus

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22
Q

What opens into the major duodenal papilla ? The minor?

A

Major: bile and pancreatic
Minor: accessory pancreatic

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23
Q

What of the cecum does the ileum enter?

A

medial

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24
Q

Where does the cecum and colon connect?

A

cecocolic orifice that is at the caudal cecum

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25
What supplies the ventral colon?
colic branch of the ileocolic a
26
What supplies the dorsal colon?
right colic a
27
What structures can be palpated rectally in the equine?
``` small colon left D and V colon pelvic flexure cecum (b and b) ileum jejuneun bladder uterus and horn ovary pelvic urethra (stallion) Prostate Vaginal ring (stallion) ```
28
Right Ventral Colon Sacculation and Bands
Yes, 2 free bands, hidden 2 bands
29
Left Ventral Colon Sacculation and Bands
Yes, 2 free, 2 hidden
30
Left Dorsal Colon sacculations and bands
No, 0 free, 1 hidden
31
Small Colon Sacculations and Bands
Yes, 1,1
32
What lymph node is on the cranial aspect of thigh between skin and external abdominal oblique?
Subiliac (pre-femoral) lymph node
33
Pubovesical pouch
body wall and bladder
34
Vesicogenital pouch
bladder and repro tract
35
rectogenital pouch
repro tract and rectum
36
Proper ligament of the ovary
connects ovary to uterine horn and forms triangle with medial mesosalpinx
37
Branches of the external iliac artery
``` aorta Ovarian/Testicular External Iliac Deep circumflex iliac uterine Femoral Deep Femoral Pudendoepigastric trunk External Pudendal Internal Iliac ```
38
Tour of the Ascending colon of equine
``` cecum Right ventral colon Sternal flexure Left ventral colon Pelvic flexure Left dorsal colon Diaphragmatic flexure Right dorsal colon ```
39
Components of the spermatic cord
ductus deferens, testicular a, pampiniform plexus surrounded by vaginal tunic
40
What is the inguinal ligament?
thickened portion of the aponeurosis external abdominal oblique
41
Opening between internal abdominal oblique and inguinal ligament?
deep inguinal ring
42
What is formed from a slit in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique?
Superficial inguinal ring
43
what is equivalent to the sacrotuberous ligament in dogs?
sacrosciatic ligament
44
What is the region between tail and the scrotum or mammary gland?
perineum
45
What is trochanteric bursitis commonly called?
whorlbone
46
what does the pudendal n become?
dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris
47
Where does the internal pudendal terminate?
f: vestibular bulb M: corpus spongiosum
48
What is the highly vascularized erectile tissue called in the female?
vestibular bulb
49
What is the musculo-fibrous column of tissue between anus and vestibule in the female?
Perineal body
50
External urethral orifice
opening of urethra in vestibule region
51
external uterine orifice
opening of uterus (cervix) into vagina
52
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the middle gluteal m.?
O: aponeurosis of longissimus lumborum, ilium, and sacrosciatic ligament I: Greater trochanter Action: extends hip and abducts thigh Inn: cranial and caudal gluteal
53
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Biceps femoris m?
O: sacrum, sacrosciatic ligament, ischial tuber I: Fascia-latae- patella ligament, calcaneal tuber Action: Extend hip, abduct thigh Nerve: caudal gluteal and sciatic
54
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Semitendinosus?
O: cd 1-2 and ventral part of ischial tuber I: tibial crest, crurall fascia, calcaneal tuber Action: extend hip, flex stifle, extend hock Nerve: Caudal gluteal and sciatic
55
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Gracilis m.?
O: pelvic symphysis (subpelvic tendon) I: medial patellar ligament and medial surface of tibia Action: Adduct limb Neve: obturator
56
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the Rectus femoris?
O: body of ilium I: tibial tuberosity Action: flex hip, extend stifle N: Femoral
57
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus lateralis m.?
O: lateral surface of femur I: tibial tuberosity Action: extend stifle joint N: Femoral
58
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus medialis m.?
O: medial surface of femur I: tibial tuberosity Action: extend stifle joint N: Femoral
59
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the vastus intermedius m.?
O: cranial surface of femur I: tibial tuberosity Action: extend stifle joint N: Femoral
60
What lymph nodes are in the femoral triangle?
deep inguinal lymph nodes
61
What ligament aries from the prepubic tendon and enters acetabulum and attaches head of the femur?
Accessory ligament, limits abduction, unique to equine
62
What is the major flexor of the hip?
Iliopsoas
63
What lymph nodes are proximal to the lateral and medial head of the gastrocnemius?
popliteal lymph nodes
64
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the tibialis cranialis m.?
O: lateral condyle of the tibia I: 3rd metatarsal and tarsal bones of I and II Action: flex hock joint Nerve: Deep peroneal n
65
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the peroneus tertius?
O: extensor fossa of the femur I: 3rd metatarsal, 3rd tarsal, calcaneus, 4th tarsal Action: flex hock when stifle is flexed, extend stifle when tarsus is extended N: branches of deep peroneal (sensory only)
66
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the long digital extensor m.?
O: extensor fossa of femur I: extensor provess of 3rd phalanx Action: extend stifle and digit ; flex hock Nerve: deep peroneal n
67
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the lateral digital extensor.?
O: lateral collateral ligament of stifle joint, and adjacent area of tibia and fibula I: tendon of insertion of long digital extensor Action: Extend digit and flex hock n: superficial peroneal n
68
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the gastrocnemius m.?
O: Supracondyloid fossa of femur I: calcaneal tuberosity Action: flex stifle; extend hock N: tibial n
69
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the superficial digital flexor m.?
``` O: Supracondyoid fossa of femur I: Calcaneal tuber Proximal extremity of 2nd phalanx Distal extremity of 1st phalanx Action: Flex digit; extend hock; flex stifle N: Tibial N ```
70
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the deep digital flexor m.?
O: lateral condyle and lateral border of tibia and fibula I: flexor surface of 3rd phalanx Action: flex digit;extend hock N: Tibial n
71
What is the O, I, Action, and Innervation of the interosseus (suspensory ligament) m.?
O: Distal row of tarsal bones, and proximal extremity of 3rd metatarsal bone I: Abaxial surface of proximal sesamoids and conjoined tendon of insertion of long and lateral digital extensor mm. Action: Support the fetlock (prevent overextension) Nerve: Branches of tibial (sensory only)
72
how does the medial patellar ligament attach to patella?
Patellar fibrocartilage
73
Lateral femorotibial joint
between lateral collateral ligament and the common tendon of the long digital extensor and peroneus tertius
74
Medial femorotibial joint
between medial patellar and medial collateral ligaments near the tibial insertions
75
Femoropatellar joint
under medial patellar ligament
76
Medial branch of the tendon of tibialis cranialis is also called?
cunean tendon
77
What can you cut to relieve chronic bursitis
cunean tendon
78
what 2 "muscles" are involved in the reciprocal mechanism?
SPF and peroneus tertius
79
Where does teh calcanean bursa lie under?
SPF tendon
80
The tarsal sheath covers what tendon?
DDF
81
tarsocrural joint
between tibia and trochlea of the talus, largest and most moveable
82
What joint does the tarsocrural joint communicate with?
proximal intertarsal joint
83
proximal intertarsal joint
joint in hock between the talus and calcaneus and the central/4th tarsal bones
84
Distal intertarsal joint
joint in hock between the central tarsal bone and T1,2, and 3
85
Tarsometatarsal joint
joint in hock between the distal row of tarsal bones and the metatarsal bones
86
Dorsal pouch of the tarsocrural joint
between peroneus tertitus and medial malleolus of the tibia
87
medioplantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint
between tibia and tarsal sheath, just proximal to the sustentaculum tali
88
lateroplantar pouch of the tarsocrural joint
between lateral malleolus and the calcaneus
89
Strong wide ligament on lateral side of tarsus between the calcaneus and 4th tarsal and metatarsal bones
long plantar ligament
90
Attaches to the left longitudinal groove of the rumen
superficial leaf of greater omentum
91
attaches to right longitudinal groove of the rumen
deep leaf of the greater omentum
92
What is the space between deep and superficial leaves of the greater omentum that encloses the ventral sac of rumen?
omental bursa
93
Opening of the esophagus into the reticulum
cardia
94
A mound of smooth muscle, erectile tissue and fat inside the abomasum?
torus pyloricus
95
At what point is the superficial and deep leaf of the greater omentum continuous?
caudal duodenal flexture
96
4 signs of peripheral neuropathy?
- Hyporeflexia, hypotonia - “Denervation” atrophy - Unilateral motor and/ or sensory deficits Normal -Function cranial and caudal to nerve lesion site
97
Spinal formula of dog
C8, T13, L7,S3,Cd5
98
Spinal formula of horse?
C8,T18,L6,S5,CD7
99
Spinal formula of bovine?
C8,T13,L6,S5
100
Where does the 1st cervical nerve arise from?
lateral vertebral foramen on the atlas
101
Where does the 2nd cervical nerve emerge in horse? in dog?
lateral vertebral foramen on axis, in dog intervertebral foramen of 1st and 2nd vertebrae
102
What supplies the ventral axial muscles, thoracic and pelvic limbs, and skin?
Ventral primary Branch, largest primary
103
What are the 4 primary branches of the periphery?
dorsal primary ventral primary meningeal branch communicating branch
104
Functional components of cutaneous nerves
visceral afferents and efferents somatic afferents NO somatic efferents
105
What is a dermatome?
area innervated by complete spinal segment
106
What is a cutaneous area?
named nerve innervates that area
107
What are the functional components of muscle branches?
somatic afferents AND efferents | Visceral efferents and afferents
108
Where can muscle nerves originate?
dorsal or ventral primary branches BUT NOT from meningeal or communicating branches
109
Mixed nerves can give rise to muscle and cutaneous nerves proximally or distally?
DISTALLY
110
No distribution to sweat glands, smooth muscles of skin, or BV of head, body wall, and extremities--what autonomic division?
Para
111
What autonomic division? to cardiac, all glands, and smooth muscles
sympathetic
112
What are the receptors and NT for parasympathetics?
ach and muscarinic receptor
113
What are the receptors and NT for sympathetics?
E and NE and adrenergic
114
What receptors and NT are between pre and post ganglions of both sympathetics and para?
ach and nicotinic
115
Where are most of the preganglion sympathetic fibers destined for head and cervical regions located?
lateral horn of T1-T5 and leave via ventral roots
116
What are the post ganglions called that are located alongside vertebral column within sympathetic trunk?
paravertebral
117
What are the post ganglions called that are located between sympathetic trunk and effector organ?
Prevertebral, para and sym
118
What are the post ganglions called that are located mostly in intrinsic neural plexuses?
terminal, mostly para
119
What is the sympathetic pathway to the C1/C2?
Preganglion fibers from T1-T5 region travel through cervicothoracic ganglion-->cranially in sympathetic trunk--> synapse in cranial cervical ganglion--> communicating branch to C1/2
120
What is the sympathetic pathway to the head?
Preganglion fibers from T1-T5 region travel through cervicothoracic ganglion-->cranially in sympathetic trunk--> synapse in cranial cervical ganglion--> internal carotid plexus--> distribute distally amoing most CN (except I, II and VII) and smaller BV
121
What if there was significant damage to the vagosympathetic trunk?
Would eliminate supply to the cranial cervical ganglion and entire sympathetic supply to the head will be removed. Also, damage supply to parasympathetic supply to visceral organs as far distally as transverse colon
122
What causes Horners?
Loss of sympathetics to the head/eye
123
What are some signs of Horners?
contsriction of pupil on that side, prolapse of 3rd eyelid, ptosis, endopthalmia
124
what is different about Horners in horses?
Most species there is a lack of sweating because the sympathetic to sweat gland NT at the end is Ach. In horses, it is believed to be NE and excessive sweating is caused by denervation supersensitivity because there is circulating E from adrenal due to stress.
125
Sympathetic pathway supplying abdominal/pelvic cavities
Pregangs located in the lateral horn of T8-L3--> run cadually through sympathetic pathway--> leave as thoracic splanchnic or as lumbar splanchnic ... see notes for more
126
Sympathetic pathway supplying L4-C4?
pregang from lateral horm of L1-L3-->sympathetic trunk--> synapse in chain ganglion of L4-S1-->run back to the spinal nerve of that segment via communicating branch for distribution to the body wall
127
Parasympathetic pathway to visceral organs as far distally as the transverse colon
pregangs in vagus->vagosympathetic trunk-> dorsal and ventral vagal trunk-> abdominal autonomic plexuses and does not synapse-> terminal ganglion in effector organ--> organ
128
Parasympathetic pathway to visceral organs distal to transverse
pregang from S1-S2 in dog and S3-4 in horse-->pelvic n (not communicating branches)->pelvic plexus where some synapse or eventually synapse in terminal ganglion
129
What is communicating branch is damaged?
Not going to lose somatic or sensor function just visceral function
130
What is the organ in cow that is associated with the left?
Rumen
131
What is the organ in cow that is associated cranially?
reticulum
132
What is the organ in cow that is associated ventrally?
abomasum
133
What is the function of the pillars in the rumen?
provide smooth muscle to a structure to contract against
134
Ruminoreticular orifice
cranial sac to reticulum
135
What supplies the cuadal half of the rumen and blind sacs?
Celiac-->splenic-->right ruminal artery
136
What supplies cranial half of rumen?
Splenic-->left ruminal artery and reticular
137
What supplies the greater curvature of the omasum and lesser curvatures f the abomasum
left gastric artery all other curvatures is the left gasroepiploic
138
what supplies the distal half of abomasum
Celiac-> hepatic | lesser is the right gastric and the greater is right gastroepiploic
139
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the rumen?
Vagal
140
What is the sympathetic innervation of the rumen?
celicomesenteric ganglion
141
Borders of Paralumbar fossa in the bovine?
cranial: last rib Dorsal: lateral border of large spinal muscles from last rib to tuber coxae caudoventral: ridge of muscular part of the internal abd oblique from last rib to tuber coxae
142
What is the nerve supply to the flank in cow?
T13 intercostal, L1, and L2
143
4 types of nerve blocks from paralumbar fossa?
inverted L Paravertebral Epidural Line
144
Epidural block?
L1 and L2 in the interarcuate space, could block femoral. Paralysis to extensor muscles
145
Inverted L block?
SQ
146
Paravertebral block
intervertebral space T13, L1, L2 and transverse processes of L1, L2, and L3
147
Layers of incision for lapronomy
``` skin superficial fascia with cutaneous trnci deep fascia external Internal transverse retroperiotoneal fat Parietal peritoneum ```
148
Somethings that require surgery on the right side in the cow?
LDA, RDA, cecal torsion
149
Somethings that require surgery on the left side in the cow?
Rumenotomy, LDA, C-section
150
2 ways to fix displacement
omentopexy | abomasopexy (abomasum to wall)
151
Proper site for liver biopsy
Adult 10th an11th intercostal space; calf: right paralumbar fossa or right 12th intercostal
152
Proper site for liver biopsy in horse?
right 12th intercostal space with its intersection with imaginary line to point of the shoulder left 8th intercostal space at level of the deltoid tuberosity
153
Spinal nerve origin of the femoral nerve
L4-L6
154
Spinal nerve origin of the obturator n?
L4-L6
155
Spinal nerve origin of the sciatic n?
L6-S2
156
Spinal nerve origin of the pudendal n?
S2-S4
157
Femoral Nerve muscle innervations?
flexors of hip (iliopsoas, rectus femoris) | Extensors of stifle (quads)
158
Femoral Nerve skin innervations?
via saphenous, skin of medial thigh, median crus, dorsomedial skin of the tarsus and metatarsus
159
Obturator Nerve muscle innervations?
PAGE
160
Obturator Nerve skin innervations?
NONE
161
Cranial gluteal Nerve muscle innervations?
Partially supplies all heads of gluteal muscles (abductors of the hip), and tensor fascia latae
162
Cranial gluteal Nerve skin innervations?
NONE
163
Caudal gluteal Nerve muscle innervations?
Partially to extensors of the hip (biceps femoris, middle gluteal, semitendinosus) Abductors of the hip
164
Caudal gluteal Nerve skin innervations?
NONE
165
Sciatic Nerve muscle innervations?
Supplies most of hindlimb either directly or indirectly via tibial and common peroneal divisions Flexors of the stifle: biceps femoris (caudal), semitendinosus, popliteus, gastrocnemius Extensors and flexors of the tarsus Extensors and flexors of the digit
166
Sciatic Nerve skin innervations?
almost all skin from stifle down to the hoof (except medial strip innervated by the saphenous)
167
What nerve dives between medial and lateral heads of gastrocnemius
tibial
168
Innervation of tarsal joint?
deep peroneal n
169
What innervates the fetlock joint?
med and lateral dorsal metatarsal nerves and medial and lateral plantar
170
What innervates pastern and coffin joints?
plantar: medial and lateral plantar digital Dorsal: medial and lateral digital nerves
171
Vertebral formula for the horse?
C7, T18, L6 S5 CD 15-21
172
Vertebral formula for the dog?
C7, T13, L7, S3, Cd20
173
What forms Viborg's triangle?
Caudally: sternocephalicus tendon of insertion Cranially: ramus of mandible Ventrally: linguofacial vein
174
Between the brachiocephalicus (cleidobrachialis) laterally and descending pectoral m medially
Pectoral groove
175
Femoral triangle boundaries
caudally: pectineus Laterally: quads Medially: external abdominal oblique aponeurosis

Large Animal Anatomy (4 decks)

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