Midterm Terms

Question 1

Hyperbole

Answer 1

Exaggerating part of a statement in order to give it emphasis or focus

Question 2

Understatement

Answer 2

When the force of the statement is purposely less than one would expect

Question 3

Litotes

Answer 3

Emphasizing the point by using a word opposite to the true condition

Question 4

Antithesis

Answer 4

A contrast in language in order to bring out a contrast in ideas

Question 5

Hypophora

Answer 5

Speaker raises a question and proceeds to answer it right away

Question 6

Rhetorical question

Answer 6

Asks a question with an implied answer

Question 7

Procatalepsis

Answer 7

Gives a response to an opponent by repeating the objection

Question 8

Distinctio

Answer 8

Speaker elaborates on a definition in order to ensure there is no misunderstanding

Question 9

Epithet

Answer 9

Attaching a descriptive adjective to a noun, identify a key trait

Question 10

Asyndeton and Polysyndeton

Answer 10

A: leaving out conjunctions in a list of items or between clauses
P: conjunctions are present between every item in a list

Question 11

Zeugma

Answer 11

Expression in which a word stands in the same gramatical relation to two other words but has different figurative meanings

Question 12

Synecdoche and Metonymy

Answer 12

S: part of something is used to represent a whole
M: when something closely related to the object is used to refer to the object itself

Question 13

Hyperbaton

Answer 13

Arranging the words in a sentence in an unexpected order

Question 14

Aporia

Answer 14

Expressing doubt about an idea or conclusion

Question 15

Anaphora, Epistrophe, Symploce

Answer 15

A: the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning of multiple clauses or sentences
E: repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of multiple clauses
S: repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning and end of multiple clauses

Question 16

Amplification

Answer 16

Repeating an idea while adding more information or detail to the original statement

Question 17

Personification

Answer 17

Giving human attributes to something non-human

Question 18

Simile

Answer 18

Comparison between two somewhat related objects using like or as

Question 19

Metaphor

Answer 19

Comparison where one item is said to be another

Question 20

Analogy

Answer 20

Comparison between two things for the purposes of explanation

Question 21

Allusion

Answer 21

Reference to a well-known place, event, person, or story

Question 22

Eponym

Answer 22

Referring to a specific famous person to link his or her attributes to someone else

Question 23

Sententia

Answer 23

A maxim, proverb, aphorism, or popular quotation often used to sum up a previous argument

Question 24

Exemplum

Answer 24

A real example, often a story, used to prove a point

Question 25

Climax

Answer 25

A way of organizing ideas so they proceed from most to least important

Question 26

Parallelism and Chiasmus

Answer 26

P: Using the same structure, cadence, form, or subject for multiple parts of a sentence or for multiple sentences C: the reversal of gramatical structures

Question 27

Anadiplosis and Condiplicatio

Answer 27

A: takes the last word of a sentence or phrase and repeats it near the beginning of the next sentences or phrases C: takes an important word from anywhere in the sentence and repeats it in the beginning of the next sentence or phrase

Question 28

Metabasis

Answer 28

Transitional statement in which one explains what has been said and what will be said

Question 29

Parenthesis

Answer 29

An explanatory or qualifying word, clause, sentence inserted into a passage

Question 30

Apostrophe

Answer 30

Addressing an absent person, inanimate object, or abstract concept

Question 31

Antanagoge

Answer 31

Downplaying negative points so that the reader feels less badly about them by pairing it with a positive point

Question 32

Enumeratio

Answer 32

Supplying a list of details about something

Question 33

Slippery slope

Answer 33

When a speaker argues that once the first step is taken, the second, third, etc will inevitably follow

Question 34

Appeal to popularity

Answer 34

Using an appeal to popular assent, often by arousing feelings and enthusiasm for the multitude rather than actually building an argument

Question 35

Hasty generalization

Answer 35

Too few examples are used to prove a point

Question 36

Red Herring

Answer 36

A deliberate attempt to change the topic or divert the argument from the real issue at hand

Question 37

Straw man

Answer 37

Creating an oversimplified and easy-to-refute argument, putting it in the mouth of the opponent, and then trying to knock it down to win

Question 38

False dilemma

Answer 38

When a speaker builds an argument from the premise that there are only two choices or outcomes when there are actually several

Question 39

Ad hominem

Answer 39

Attacking or praising the people making an argument rather than the actual argument

Question 40

Faulty analogy

Answer 40

Relying on a flimsy comparison to prove a point, rather than arguing inductively or deductively

Question 41

Induction v. Deduction

Answer 41

I: the production of facts to prove a general example (can never be fully factual) D: the inference of particular circumstance by referencing facts

Question 42

``` Classical oration model: Introduction Narration Confirmation Refutation Conclusion ```

Answer 42

I: introduces reader to subject and speaker builds ethos N: provides factual information and background material on the subject material and explains why the matter is important Confirmation: development or proof needed to writer's case (logos) R: addresses the counter argument and acts as a bridge between writer's proof and conclusion (logos) Conclusion: brings essay to satisfying close. Ethos reestablished and appeal to pathos

Question 43

What is used to assess the rhetorical situation?

Answer 43

S: speaker O: occasion, explains the context or situation that prompted the piece to be made A: audience, those who listen to the piece and what their values/emotions are P: purpose, explains why the author wrote the piece S: subject, general topic

Question 44

What is used for close reading?

Answer 44

D: diction, words with strong connotations I: imagery, vivid scenes that the author describes D: details, extra elements that the author may choose to omit or include L: language, figurative language, describes language (ornate, simple) S: syntax, how the sentences are structured Tone

Question 45

Types of claims and evidence

Answer 45

Fact: asserting wether something or not is true Value: describes whether or not something is good/bad, valuable/not, etc. Policy: asserts whether a certain policy or action should or should not be implemented Evidence: books, experience, news, technology, science, history, observation, people, politics, philosophy