Midterm Vocab List Flashcards
(139 cards)
1
Q
Land Bridge
A
Strip of land that connects two pieces of land (Bering Land Bridge) How humans first crossed over to the Americas
2
Q
Treaty of Tordesillas
A
Line drawn by Pope to divide World between Spain and Portugal. Spain got almost all of the Americas
3
Q
Founding of Jamestown
A
Jamestown was founded by the Virginia Company (joint -stock) and was a failure at first but found success with growing tobacco because of John Rolfe
4
Q
Mayflower Compact
A
An agreement by the men aboard the Mayflower to abide by the government. Established the governing and legal style of the new settlement
5
Q
“City Upon a Hill” John Winthrop
A
John Winthrop lead Puritans in founding Massachusetts Bay Colony (Boston) and desired to create a pure and righteous society as an example for all others
6
Q
Virginia House of Burgesses
A
A democratic legislative assembly in Virginia that dealt with basic governing the King was not involved in
7
Q
Chesapeake vs. New England colonies
A
Chesapeake Bay colonies were founded by joint-stock companies for a profit in the New World and New England colonies were created due to religious differences in England (Puritans) and later in North America (Roger Williams-Rhode Island)
8
Q
Bacon’s Rebellion
A
Nathaniel Bacon (landowner and member of House of Burgesses) angered by governor’s insistance on leaving Native Americans alone. Burned Jamestown to the ground and resulted in larger British presence in colonies
9
Q
Indentured Servant
A
Coerced into labor looking for opportunity in New World. Put into multi year contract depending on owner and had very little rights
10
Q
Headright System
A
Those that took indentured servants would receive 50 acres of land.
11
Q
Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
A
-Preached separation of Church and State in Puritan society, was kicked to Rhode Island where he established complete religious freedom and no tax-supported church
-Preached (as a women*) about needing only faith for salvation and was sent to Rhode Island
12
Q
Halfway Covenant
A
Religious-political solution adopted by 17th-century New England Puritans, that allowed the children of baptized but unconverted church members to be baptized and thus become church members and have political rights
13
Q
King Phillip’s War
A
Conflict between Colonists and Metacom(King Phillip). He allied with other tribes to dispel colonists but was eventually defeated and the colonists burnt down native villages
14
Q
Quakers; William Penn
A
-Religious group that believed in religious tolerance and no tax-supported church. Pacifists who were not with slavery and strongly opposed war
-A Quaker who was given a Charter by King Charles II and founded Pennsylvania
15
Q
Mercantilism
A
The economic system adopted by European states during the Age of Exploration that was based on the principles of a nation’s wealth coming from the amount of gold and silver they had. Led to the founding of colonies to offset imports
16
Q
Navigation Acts
A
Britain employed trade restrictions on their colonies to benefit British merchants but was largely unenforced during period of Salutary Neglect
17
Q
Dominion of New England
A
A group of British colonies in New England that joined together in the 17th century. The Dominion was created by King James II to give him greater control over the affairs of the colonies.
18
Q
Triangular Trade and Middle Passage
A
-Trading System between Europe, the New World, and Africa across the Atlantic. Slaves went to the New World, the raw materials harvested by colonists and slaves were sold to England, England would sell manufactured goods (mostly weaponry) to African kingdoms in exchange for prisoners of war
-Name given to journey that slaves would take across the Atlantic. Disgusting and hazardous conditions and Africans packed together tightly to maximize profit
19
Q
1st Great Awakening
A
A religious revival that was started by George Whitefield. Revived Protestantism (mostly Calvinism) and rejection of Enlightenment principles. Large amount of new sects led to more religious toleration within colonies
20
Q
John Peter Zenger Trial
A
Zenger was accused of slandering the royal governor of New York in his newspaper but was acquitted. Created principle of freedom of the press in the mind of Americans.
21
Q
French and Indian War(7 years war)
A
War between British and the colonists, and French and Native tribes. Started by conflicts over settlement in Ohio River valley which most governments claimed. British won but were set into heavy debt which led to the heavy taxation of the colonists and end of Salutary Neglect
22
Q
Albany Plan of Union
A
A plan that aimed to unify eleven of the thirteen American colonies, with the opportunity for more colonies to join in the future. The plan failed because it was rejected by the British and American colonies.
23
Q
Treaty of Paris (1763)
A
Treaty that ended the French and Indian War(7 years war)
24
Q
Salutary Neglect
A
Policy employed by the British which meant that they had little involvement in colonial affairs for almost 80 years (1689-1763). Led to colonies feeling like they could rule themselves effectively and caused major outrage once Britain began to involve themselves in the colonies after French and Indian War(7 years war)
25
Pontiac's Rebellion
Rebellion led by native American leader Pontiac against British presence in Great Lakes region following French and Indian War(7 years war)
26
Proclamation of 1763
A British-produced boundary marked in the Appalachian Mountains at the Eastern Continental Divide that was meant to stop settlers from moving onto native land. But this was ignored.
27
Quartering Act
British soldiers were sent to live in the colonies to dispel riots after the Townshend Acts were passed. Colonists were forced to quarter the soldiers in their homes and provide for them.
28
Stamp Act
Tax was placed on all paper goods and documents purchased in the colonies.
29
Stamp Act Congress
A meeting of delegates from each colony to discuss how to proceed with the Stamp Act outrage. 9 out of 13 colonies agree to protest against the Act. "No taxation without representation."
30
Sons and Daughters of Liberty
A radical organization (terrorists) of mostly merchants and tradesmen who engaged in civil disturbances and sometimes violence towards British officials, Led by Samuel Adams and John Hancock
31
Declaratory Act
Act passed by Parliament on the same day the Stamp Act was repealed, stated that Parliament could make laws binding the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever."
32
Townshend Acts
Acts that taxed glass, lead, paint, tea, etc. to raise revenue for the crown. Caused mass outrage because it was created solely for revenue.
33
Writs of Assistance
Documents that enabled British soldiers unfettered access to search colonial homes and businesses while seizing property. Set idea for 4th amendment.
34
Boston Massacre
British soldiers kill 5 Boston men after being attacked by a mob of angry colonists
35
Committees of Correspondence
Committees with other colonies formed by Samuel Adams that discussed opposition to the British and how to proceed. Led to more colonial unity.
36
Tea Act
Britain applies small tax on tea foreign tea to give British East India Company a monopoly because they were going bankrupt.
37
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty sneak onto tea ships in Boston Harbor and dump hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor
38
Coercive Acts
Acts passed by Britain that cracked down on the colonies after the Boston Tea Party. Mostly affected Massachusetts, but the Boston Harbor was the heart of all New England trading. The Massachusetts Assembly was dissolved and a new Quartering Act was installed
39
Intolerable Acts
The name given to the Coercive Acts by rebellious American colonists
40
Quebec Act
Gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west.
41
First and Second Continental Congress
-A meeting of colonial delegates in Philadelphia about the Intolerable Acts. Drafted the Declaration of Rights and called for a boycott of British goods
-Vote taken to leave Britain and from independent nation. The Declaration of Independence was drafted
42
Olive Branch Petition
Petition drafted by John Dickinson (Quaker) to apologize to King George III for the bloodshed at Bunker Hill. Was rejected by the king and the colonies were declared to be in open rebellion
43
American Revolution
War between the American colonists and the British Empire that was heavily favored towards the British. Won through determination of troops spurred by nationalism and through the masterful leadership of General George Washington. Ended at Battle of Yorktown after Lord Cornwallis surrenders.
44
Common Sense, Thomas Pain
Pamphlet that urged complete independence from Britain. Very radical for the time and called for a republican government. Spread quickly across the colonies and rallied more colonists to the side of the revolutionaries.
45
Declaration of Independence
Article written and signed by many men of the colonies that listed the statement of reasons that they are compelled to separate. Written by Thomas Jefferson and was inspired by Enlightenment ideals(Life, Liberty, and Property(changed to pursuit of happiness))
46
Treaty of Paris (1783)
Treaty that ended American Revolution. Signed in Paris by group of delegated who were supposed to include our French allies in the deal but orders were ignored by delegates. United States of America was formally recognized as an independent nation and its borders were extended to the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes.
47
Articles of Confederation
First functioning unified government of the United States, created by Continental Congress. It acted as a loose confederation of states designed to unify the American people and create an alliance with France during the Revolutionary War. It had a very limited central government and was unable to much of anything when it came to interstate affairs. No judicial or executive branch and 9 out of 13 states were required to agree on decisions and a unanimous vote was needed to change the Articles in any way.
48
Land Ordinance of 1785
Set up a specific standardized system whereby settlers could purchase title to farmland in the undeveloped west and detailed how to organize those lands.
49
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Intended to mandate the creation of new states in the Great Lakes region. Allowed for 3 to 5 states to be created and would be given representation in government once the population hit 60,000. All new states would prohibit slavery and acted as a dividing line of the slavery question up until the Civil War.
50
Shay's Rebellion
Farmers in western Massachusetts were losing land due to foreclosures as a result of heavy taxation and debt. The AoC did not establish one currency and caused issues between creditors and debtors. Debtors rose up and attacked courts and state houses. The AoC also had no standing army so they could not prevent the riots and private armies were purchase by Boston merchants.
51
Great Compromise
Resolved conflict over states' representation in government under new Constitution by defining legislative structure and representation for each state in the Senate
52
3/5 Compromise
Slave holding states wanted more representation in the House of Representatives for their slave population, this compromise allowed three out of every 5 slaves to count towards the states' population for representation and taxation reasons
53
Commerce Compromise (less important)
-Gave Congress broad power to regulate interstate commerce and restricts states from impairing interstate commerce
-Fixing mistake in Aoc
54
Ratification Debate-Federalists, Anti-Federalists
Federalists-Defend ratification of the Constitution as it is, to strengthen federal government
Anti-Federalists-Prefer Articles of Confederation due the stronger states' rights and almost no federal government
55
The Federalist Papers
A series of essays defending the new United States Constitution to the public
56
Bill of Rights
Compromise between Federalist and Anti-Federalists to add Bill of Rights to outline the rights of the people and the states
57
Unwritten Constitution
A constitution not embodied in a single document but based chiefly on custom and precedent as expressed in statutes and judicial decisions. Opposite of the United States Constitution
58
Hamilton's Financial Plan
-Assumption of States Debts
-Funding at Par
-Tariffs and Excise Taxes
-National Bank (Stable Currency)
59
National Bank Controversy
Jefferson and Madison interpreted the Constitution strictly and believed the precedent for a National Bank is not there
60
Whisky Rebellion
Farmers in Pennsylvania rebel against the excise tax placed on whisky, which was used as a medium of exchange
61
Proclamation of Nuetrality
Washington decided the keep themselves out of the France's internal issues (French Rev.) even though France was their ally. Washington Neutrality Proclamation set a precedent.
62
"Citizen" Genet Affair
Citizen Genet arrived in the US to promote support for France's war with Spain and Britain, he caused a stir and his promotion was against Washingtons Neutrality
63
Washington’s Farewell Address
Washington warns against causing issues with other countries, avoid making alliances, and forming political parties
64
XYZ Affair
United States diplomats are met at a French Port by French diplomats known as X, Y, and Z who asked for a large bribe to even start negotiations
65
Jay's Treaty
-Treaty signed by Chief Justice, John Jay, that resolved conflicts leftover from Rev. War, Britain seizing ships, America refused to pay debts to Loyalists, Britain held forts in American territory
-Britain pay back America for lost shipping but did not promise to stop seizing ships, America paid back Loyalists, Britain left forts, Free trade in Caribbean, no compensation for slaves freed by Britain during war
-Widely hated in the US and especially in the South and seen as sellout and failure
-Jefferson created Democratic-Republican Party in opposition to the treaty and the National Bank
66
Pickney Treaty
Resolved territorial disputes between the two countries and granted American ships the right to free navigation of the Mississippi River as well as duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control
67
Establishment of 1st Political Parties: Federalists and Democratic Republicans
-Democratic-Republicans: Jeffersonians, strict interpretation of Constitution, stuck by 10th Amendment which was interpreted to give more power to the states
-Federalists: Hamiltonians, loose interpretation of Constitution, stuck with Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause)
68
Alien and Sedition Acts
-Alien Act: The President can expel ant foreigner judged as dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States
-Sedition Act: Any person who spoke, wrote, or printed anything false and malicious against the government of the United States could be imprisoned or heavily fined. Meant to target Jeffersonians and Republicans criticizing Adams and the Federalists
69
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
Jefferson and Madison drafted these resolutions which called on state legislatures to nullify or cancel the Alien and Sedition Acts due to their unconstitutional nature
70
Election of 1800
Election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, Jefferson won. Called the "Revolution of 1800" because of Jefferson's revival of Rev. Period beliefs. Jefferson leaves most Federalist policies alone except for excise tax and pardons those convicted under Sedition Act
71
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson sent delegates to Napoleon to discuss buying New Orleans and instructed not to pay over $10 Million, Napoleon sell large land mass of Louisiana to them for $15 Million due to loss of their sugar colony on Haiti. Almost double size of the United States but seen as useless for long time due to unexplored land
72
Marshall Court
Chief Justice John Marshall was a Federalist placed in power by Adams at the end of his presidency to continue Federalist principles being applied even as the party began to wither.
73
Marbury v. Madison
Court declared act of Congress as unconstitutional and establishes judicial review and makes supreme court ultimate interpreter of the Constitution
74
McCulloch v. Maryland
The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government
75
Ogden v. Gibbons
Ruled that Congress has the power to “regulate commerce” and that federal law takes precedence over state laws
76
Embargo Act
In response to the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and British impressment of American seamen into the Royal Navy, President Thomas Jefferson placed an embargo to limit American trade. The embargo severely disrupted American trade, leading to significant economic downturns, especially in coastal regions reliant on shipping
77
Causes and Effects of War of 1812
Causes: Britain was seizing American shipping and impressing American sailors in order to stop trade with their enemy France and to increase naval personnel. British in Canada were arming and encouraging Native Americans to attack American frontier settlements in the west
Effects: Despite largely being a draw, Americans found a new sense of nationalism. The Federalist Party were ridiculed for opposing war and slowly died out. American manufacturing grew rapidly due to lack of trade
78
Treaty of Ghent (1814)
Treaty that officially ended the War of 1812
79
Hartford Convention (1814)
Meeting of Federalists meant to address political imbalances between North and South. Proposed end of 3/5 Compromise and 2/3 majority to establish war or embargo. Discussions of secession of New England to Britain leads to charges of disloyalty.
80
Era of Good Feelings
The period of time after the War of 1812 that held lots of shared national purpose and desire for unity in the United States. This sense of unity is then addressed with sectionalism
81
Sectionalism
Feeling that people's loyalty and home was to their region rather than their country. Leads to division and only considering issues from one's own POV rather than for good of the Union
82
Henry Clay's American System
Idea proposed by Henry Clay meant to unite the nation with infrastructure, roads, creating a protective tariff for the American manufacturing, and by rechartering the the National Bank
83
Missouri Compromise of 1820
Conflict whenever new state is added to the Union because either way its going to imbalance the Senate. Compromise allowed Missouri to enter as slave state, but no other states above the bottom latitude of Missouri could be slave states. Also added Maine to the Union as a free state
84
Monroe Doctrine
Largely written by John Quincy Adams. Told European Powers to not create anymore colonies within the Western Hemisphere or the United States would intervene.
85
Erie Canal
Canal connecting Hudson River to Lake Erie, which allowed connection from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. Allowed for trade and transport throughout the canal which vastly reduced costs
86
Transportation Revolution
Leap in transportation with better paved roads, waterways, steamboats, and railroads
87
Market Revolution
Introduced factor labor, shifted economy from barter to wages, connected the US to global markets, and caused urban population spike.
88
Irish and German Immigration in 1840s
-Irish people fled to the United States as a result of crop failures due to the potato blight, very discriminated against, seen as ape-like and drunks, very racist towards black people, accused of stealing the elections, were Catholic and hated for it
-Germans fled due to famine and for political asylum, more stable and wealthy than Irish, brought better education (Kindergarten), also seen as drunks and ballot stealers
89
Nativists; American Party/"Know-Nothing Party"
-Nativists were a group of people that were very xenophobic and accused and attacked immigrants and burned Catholic churches
-Political Party formed by Nativists that was opposed to immigration and blamed immigrants for issues in American society and politics
90
American Colonization Society
Society formed with the idea to send free African-Americans to Africa as an alternative to emancipation, creating the country of Liberia.
91
Jacksonian Democracy
Jacksonian Democracy was the idea that everyone had a place in politics. Jackson appealed to the common man as a man from humble beginnings himself.
92
Alexis de Tocqueville
Frenchman who visited America in the 1830s. His original reason was to observe American prisons for the French gov, ended up observing American democracy in action (wrote Democracy in America based on his observations)
93
1824 Election: Corrupt Bargain
The Election of 1824 was very close and went to the House. Henry Clay was speaker of the House and a supposed corrupt deal was made when JQA took the presidency and Clay became Secretary of State. This caused outrage among Jackson's supporters and helped Jackson's victory in the following election
94
Spoils System & Rotation of Office
Jackson believes that "to the victory goes the spoils" and that Democracy is best practiced when those who vote are put in power as they are as capable as anyone else. This lead to many long holding officers in the government being replaced by Jackson's supporters. His critics saw this as valuing loyalty over competency and led to him being compared to a monarch.
95
Tariff of 1828 "Abominations" and the Nullification Crisis
Congress passed an extremely large tariff (48%) at the end of JQA presidency to cripple Jackson. John C. Calhoun created the South Carolina Exposition and Protest which emphasized a states' right to nullify federal laws. South Carolina threatens secession unless tariff is fixed. Jackson gradually lowers tariff and South Carolina backs down.
96
Peggy Eaton Affair
The wife of Jackson's Secretary of War was ignored by the rest of the cabinet members' wives and had rumors spread about her extramarital affairs. Jackson was outraged due to his own wife being accused of similar things and insisted they allow her to socialize with them. When they refused Jackson fired his cabinet leaving bad blood between him and John C. Calhoun
97
Indian Removal Act
Georgians found gold on Native American land and demand their right to the land and deny the Cherokee's state. Native Americans are forced out of their tribal land by Jackson and forced to move west of the Mississippi River.
98
Worcester v. Georgia, Trail of Tears
-The Cherokee appealed to the Supreme Court and the court ruled that since the Cherokee were their own nation Georgia's laws were unconstitutional. Jackson ignored the ruling and continued with the Indian Removal.
-Cherokee were eventually forcefully removed by 1838 and 25% die on the Trail of Tears
99
Bank Veto; "pet banks"
Henry Clay moves up the rechartering of the National Bank to 1832 to make Jackson look bad. Jackson vetoed the recharter because he believed it only served the wealthy and because he disliked the bank's owner. Jackson illegally moved the funds of the US government into pet banks and destroyed the bank by 1836.
100
Specie Circular
An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver.
101
Panic of 1837
Jackson destroying the bank led to a huge economic recession in 1837, but the blame was pushed away from Jackson and onto Van Buren.
102
2nd Great Awakening
Belief that ones salvation rested in ones own hand led to more dedication and hard-work. This attitude led to the reform movements as well as Manifest Destiny
103
Temperance
Efforts to ban and limit alcoholic beverages were spurred on mostly by women of drunk husbands and fathers
104
Asylum and Penitentiary Movement
Dorothea Dix organized a campaign to improve conditions for the mentally ill and penitentiaries were made so the prisoners could be rehabilitated
105
Education Reform
Horace Mann was a leading proponent of universal public education in the US because a republican government needs an educated society
Teachers were taught to be better and were given better pay
106
Abolitionism
Began by Quakers and free blacks, it became the most divisive movement of the 1800's
Frederick Douglass was an escaped slave turned speaker
William Lloyd Garrison, a white man, founded The Liberator in 1831, which advocated for immediate abolition and full civil rights
107
Utopian Societies
A series of social experiments in the early to mid-19th century aimed at creating ideal societies based on various philosophical, religious, or communal principles.
108
Transcendentalism
Belief that society and its institutions—particularly organized religion and political parties—corrupt the purity of the individual. Faith that people are at their best when truly self-reliant and independent.
109
Manifest Destiny
Policy adopted by the US government and the wider population that the US was destined by God to spread its influence of liberty, democracy, and republican government. Facilitated by James K. Polk and the spirit brought by the 2nd Great Awakening.
110
James K. Polk: 54' 40" or Fight
James K. Pol built his presidential platform on a few principles, one of them being the settlement of the border between Canada and the US in the Oregon territory. Polk promised 54' 40" or fight but ended up settling the border lower at the 49th parallel
111
Mexican-American War
Americans immigrate to Mexico to populate land but do not listen to Mexico's laws and live how they want, including slavery which Mexico had abolished. Texas wins its independence but border is disputed. General Taylor goes to border to provoke violence and the war starts. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo is signed and part of Mexico's land is ceded to the US.
112
Gadsden Purchase
In 1853, the US purchased 30,000 square miles from Mexico for $10 Million in order to construct transcontinental railroad to Los Angeles
113
The Gold Rush (1849)
Discovery of gold in California leads to 300,000 people moving their for opportunity of fortune and land.
114
Free-Soil Party
Political party focused on opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories of the United States after the Mexican cession and Manifest Destiny.
115
Popular Sovereignty
Principle which states that the people are the source of all the political power and therefore should resolve certain questions, most commonly on slavery in the territories
116
Compromise of 1850
-California added as a free state
-Popular sovereignty for New Mexico and Utah Territories
-End of slave trade in Washington D.C.
-Tougher fugitive slave law
117
Fugitive Slave Law
Laws which stated that an escaped slave should be returned to their owners, even in free states. This was in the Constitution but the Compromise of 1850 made it stronger and led to free blacks being pulled back into slavery.
118
Underground Railroad
System of pathways throughout the US that was used to lead enslaved people to Canada or into the North. Led by Harriet Tubman, "Moses", and aided by people all along the way and into free states
119
Uncle Tom's Cabin; Impending Crisis of the South
-Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe it is a fictionalized account of the horrors of slavery, it sold over 1 million copies and exposed the nation to the cruelty
-More public disapproval of slavery and more people join abolitionist cause
120
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Senator Stephen Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad to be built from Chicago to San Francisco, Southerners want one from Atlanta to Los Angeles. A compromise is made and the Nebraska and Kansas territories are granted popular sovereignty, which violates the Missouri Compromise
121
Republican Party
Whigs and Northern Democrats form a new political party to oppose the expansion of slavery and the Kansas-Nebraska Act
122
Bleeding Kansas
Pro-slavery forces from Missouri and Anti-slavery forces from the North, pour into Kansas to sway the vote on the slavery question. Violence breaks out between the groups and many people are killed
123
Lecompton Constitution
Drafted by the pro-slavery forces in Kansas and was the constitution accepted by President Pierce
124
Dred Scott v. Sandford
Dred Scott was a slave who sued for his freedom after being taken from a free state
It was decided that: Dred Scott was property and had no right to sue in court, No person could be deprived of their property without due process of law, The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, Popular Sovereignty was unconstitutional, and no black person could ever be a citizen of the United States
125
Harpers Ferry Raid
John Brown led 21 men on a raid of a federal arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia in order to foment a slave rebellion. The raid was crushed by US Marines led by Robert Lee and Brown and his men were hanged. They received support in their attempts, which scared the South
126
Election of 1860
Abraham Lincoln, former Whig now Republican, wins the election due to the Democratic vote being spilt among multiple candidates. The election of an anti-slavery president at this point in history outrages the Southern states and they secede.
127
Crittenden Compromise
Would reinstate the Missouri Compromise line, forbid the abolition of slavery on federal land in slaveholding states, compensate owners for runaway slaves, and other amendments to support the institution of slavery.
128
Lincoln's wartime actions
-Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus, the right for a citizen to have legal counsel, a speedy trial, and know what the charges against them are
-Lincoln instated a draft, but the draft could be avoided by paying $300 or by finding a substitute
129
NYC Draft Riots
Hundreds of people were killed in riots around NYC due to the wealthy being able to avoid going to war while the poor had no option.
130
Emancipation Proclamation
A military order executed by Lincoln which freed the slaves in states in active rebellion. It gave the war a higher moral purpose and led to Britain backing out of a possible deal with the Confederacy because they had already abolished slavery. Lincoln's goal was primarily to preserve the Union, freeing the slaves was an added bonus and an incentive
131
Gettysburg Address
Lincoln gave a short, amazing speech at the honoring of a cemetery for those who lost their life in the Battle of Gettysburg. He promised they would not die in vain and that they will continue to uphold and spread republican government
132
Homestead Act 1862
Enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to live on and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land.
133
Radical Republicans
Republicans that wanted swift and total abolition and civil rights to all black people in the United States, as well as punishment to the seceded states
134
Reconstruction Plans
-Lincoln: Ten Percent Plan, only 10 percent of a confederate state would have to pledge allegiance to the Union to be reaccepted
-Wade-Davis: Congress' which called for 50 percent, vetoed by Lincoln
-Johnson: Gave almost complete control to reforming the states to the Confederate government, black people would have no say in the reconstruction and all but the top ranking confederates would be pardoned
-Radical Republicans: Blocked Johnson's plan and put the South under Military Reconstruction(Marshall Law)
135
Civil War Amendments
-13th: Abolished slavery in the Union
-14th: Guaranteed birthright citizenship and due process of law
-15th: Granted all men the right to vote without regard to race or previous condition of servitude. Undermined by KKK, poll taxes, and literacy tests in the South
136
Andrew Johnson's Impeachment
Radical Republicans in Congress were being undermined by Johnson and looked to impeach him. He violated the Tenure of Office Act by firing a cabinet member without Senate approval and was impeached and failed to be removed by one vote
137
Poll Tax, Literacy Test, Grandfather Clause, KKK
All methods used by the South to scare black people and prevent them from voting.
-Tax on voting, Nearly impossible literacy tests to stop votes, only allowed to vote if your grandfather could (most black people's grandfathers were slaves), and the KKK scared people away from voting, killed them, or forced them to vote for their candidate
138
Election of 1876/ Compromise of 1877
Election of 1876 was disputed, so an electoral commission was created and awarded to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes. Counsel was unfair and a deal was likely made which caused troops to be pulled from the South, thus ending reconstruction
139
Plessy v. Ferguson
Case that determined racial segregation and Jim Crow laws were fine and did not violate the equal protection granted under the 14th amendment.
