midterms Flashcards
(129 cards)
1
Q
cognitive psychology
A
the study of mental processes, determining the characteristics and properties of the mind as well as how it operates
2
Q
wilhem wundt
A
first person to apply scientific method into understanding the human mind
approach: structuralism
method: analytic introspection
3
Q
structuralism
A
description of the contents of consciousness
overall experience is determined by sensations, combinations of basic elements
“periodic table of the mind”
4
Q
analytic introspection
A
a technique whereby trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to a stimuli
5
Q
problems with introspection
A
- only applies to conscious processing
- poor reliability between subjects
- subjective
- hard to relate to physiology
- made little progress in understanding the mind
6
Q
john watson
A
behaviorism
he rejects introspection as a method
focuses on observable behavior
ignores tjose that are no observable
parsimony important to him
7
Q
parsimony
A
the most simple explanation is the correct one
8
Q
behaviorism
A
B.F. Skinner
behavior is shaped by rewards and punishments
rewarded > increase in the action
punished > decrease in action
9
Q
challenges to behaviorism
A
Tolman; cognitive maps and rats
rat learned the maze layput rather than the reward of food
10
Q
Chomsky
A
language
children do not only learnlanguage through imitation and reinforcement, thus thinks that children implicitly lesnr rules of language and language must then be determined by an inborn biological program
not learned through behaviorism or social learning
11
Q
cognitive apprach
A
focus on what occurs inside the mind before action
onformation processing approach
12
Q
information processing approach
A
sequences of mental operations
13
Q
Donder
A
reaction time as a behavioral measure
simple vs choice
simple: flash of light and respond
choice: light from the left or right
difference in RT between the simple and choice conditions indicate devison making time
decision making time = choice RT - simple RT
14
Q
limitations of experimental cognitive psychology
A
- ecological validity (white-room effect) only applicable in lab settings, not generalisable
- provide indirect evidemce that may not demonstrate neurological and computational plausibility
15
Q
neurophsyochology
A
study of the behavior of people with brain damage, provodes insights into the functioning of different parts of the brain
16
Q
action potential
A
all or none
active for ~1millisecond
travel all the way down without changing their height or shape
action potentials always remainnthe same even if the stimulus is stronger -> just have more impulses rather than stronger ones
17
Q
neurons
A
basic building blocks of the brain
18
Q
cajal
A
discovered that nerve nets were not continuous, but individual cells with synpases in between
19
Q
resting potential
A
when there are no signals, -70mV realative to outside
20
Q
graded potential
A
proportional to stimulus strength
21
Q
specificity coding
A
idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object
22
Q
population coding
A
the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons
23
Q
sprase coding
A
object is represented by a pattern of firing of only a small group of neurons
24
Q
localisation of function
A
specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain
25
double dissociation
when damage to one part of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present
AND
damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present
allows us to identify functions that are controlled by different parts of the brain
26
FFA
fusiform face area (recognition of faces)
27
PPA
parahippocampal place area (recognition of places)
28
fMRI
functional magnetic resonance imaging
uptake of oxygen indicates brain areas that are active during an activity
29
EEG
electroencephalography
measure brain waves (bc neurons use electricity and action potentials)
30
perception
experiences that result from stimulation of the sense
- can change based on added info
- involves (often unconscious) process similar to reasoning or problem solving
- occur in conjunction with actions
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bistable state
switch between 2 images in an ambiguous figure
| rabit vs duck
32
inverse projection problem
refers to the task of determinng the object responsible for a particular image on the retina
start from the retinal image -> extend outward to the source of that image
33
why is it difficult to desogn a perceiving machine?
- objects can be hidden or blurred
- ambiguous
- angles (viewpoint invariance)
- humans can make use of environmental cues and pre-existing knowledge to add context and understand the image
34
top-down processing
perception starts with the brain, based on knowledge, esperience, and expectations
35
bottom-up processing
perception starts with the senses
| relies on incoming raw data
36
Helmholtz
theory of unconscious inference (top-down)
likelihood principle: we perceive the object that is “most likely”
unconscious interference: perceptions are the result of unconscious assumptions that we make about the environment
37
Bayesian inference
one’s estimate of the probabilityis due to
- prior probability (initial belief about the probability of an outcome)
- likelihood of a given outcome
cough -> lung disease vs cold vs heart burn example
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oblique effect
ppl perceive horizontals and verticles easier than other orientations
39
light-from-above assumption
assume light always comes from above sl we perceive images with that in mind too
40
semantic regularities in scene schemas
in a kitchen setting
we expect a bread
but when we are flashed with a pic with a letterbox there (looks v much like a loaf) we will assume we saw a bread and think it is bread
41
(gestalt) law of good continuation
lines tend to be seen as following the smoothest path
42
(gestalt) law of pragnanz
every stimulus pattern is seen so the resulting structure is as simple as possible
43
(gestalt) law of similarity
simialr things appear to be grouped together
44
(gestalt) law of closure
tendency to see visual item as part of a larger object
45
figure-ground
background vs foreground show different objects
46
heuristics
```
rule of thumb
mental shortcuts
provides best-guess solution
fast
often correct
```
47
algorithm
procedure guaranteed to solve a problem
slow
definite result
48
recognition-by-components theory
put together the smaller pieces ro form the big picture
49
geons
3d volumes, put together to form an object
| 36 diff variations present
50
local viewpoints
thatcher illusion
| we can identify objects from many different orientations
51
what and where pathways
temporal lobe: what (ventral) pathway, identifying
| pareital lobe: where (dorsal) pathway, location
52
attention
the ability to focus on specific stimuli or locations
53
selective attention
attending to one thing while ignoring others
54
divided attention
paying attention to more than one thing at a time
55
distraction
one stimulus interfering with the precoessing of another stimulus
56
cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli
57
Cherry; dichotic listening
asked participants to focus on the message in one ear (attended ear) and repeat what was said (shadowing)
particpants could not report the contents of the message in the unattended ear (but could describe simple physical characteristics of thr voice)
58
Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention
msg | sensory memory | filter | detector | memory
sensory memory holds all incoming info for a fraction of a second -> transfers to the filter
filter identifies the message that is being sttended to and pass to detector
detector process info (meaning) -> STM & LTM
59
Treisman’s Attenuation Model of Attention
msg | attenuator | dictionary unit | memory
attenuator analyse msg based on characteristics, language, and meaning
attended msg -> dictionary unit (full strength)
unattended msg -> weak
60
late processing model
1. given an ambiguous sentence with 2 meanings
2. have a biaisng word in the unattended ear
3. meaning of biasing word affected the partcipant’s interpretation of the sentence
61
processing capacity
amount of info people can handle
62
perceptual load
difficulty of a task
63
overt attention
shifting attention from one place to another
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fixation
short pauses on points of interest
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saccades
rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another
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pre cueing
directing sttention without moving the eyes
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covert attention
shifting attention while keeping eyes still
68
exogenous attention
the redirection of attention toward an unexpected stimulus
69
inattentional blindness
being unaware of clearly visible stimuli if not directing attention to them
a stimulus that is not attended to is not perceived
70
binding
the process by which features such as colour, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object
71
feature integration theory (FIT)
object | pre attentive | focused attentive | perception
pre attentive stage: automatic, occurs before we focus attention on an object
focused attentive stage: attention plays a key role, allows features to be combined correctly
72
patient RM
Balint’s syndrome
| inability to focus attention on indiv onjects, high number of illusory conjunctions reported
73
illusory conjunctions
combining features of separate objects together
| occur because features and free-floating
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parallel process
identifying unique features
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serial process
identifying target among conjunctive items
76
memory
process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli
77
sensory memory
initial stage, holds all incoming info for seconds or fraction of a second
eg, in movies (snapshots of pictures but we make it into ancoherent smooth video)
78
persistence of vision
continued perception of a visual stimulus even after it is no longer present
light trail
79
STM
holds 5-9, (7+-2)
| 15-20 seconds
80
STM peterson & peterson (brown peterson)
3 letters 3 numbers
count the number backwards by intervals of 3
recall the 3 letters
after 3 secs delay (of counting numbers) 80% accurate
after 18 sec dalay 12% accurate
81
chunking
chunk is defined as a collection of elements that are strongly associated with one another but are weakly associated with elements in other chunks
82
working memory
limited capacity, temporary storage
| manipulation of information
83
baddeley
- central executive
- phonological loop*
- visuo-spatial sketchpad*
- episodic buffer
84
phonological loop
phonological store: buffer for auditory info
| articulatory rehearsal: refresh and transfer
85
word length effect
shorter words easier to recall
language with shirter articulation (syllables) easier to recall
bc faster to rehear after remembering
86
phonological similarity effect
easier to recall words that do not sound similar to each other (do not rhyme)
87
articulatlry suppression
have participant repeat a word/irrelevant sound then asked to recall
pevent them from rehearsing
eleminates the word length effect and phonological similarity effect
88
visuo-spatial sketchpad
holds visual and spatial info
| if the image is roated in a lesser degree, easier and faster to identify if 2 are the same or not
89
central executive
attention controller, controls suppression of irrelevant info
focus, divide, switch attention
90
episodic buffer
a way of increasing storage capacity and a gateway to communicate to LTM
91
long term memory
cam hold large amount of info for years and even decades
92
encoding
storing info in long term memory
93
retrieval
process of remembering info
94
control processes
dynamic processes associated with the structural features that can be controlled by the person
eg; rehearsal, strategies that help you rmb
95
sperling experiment
3x4 numbers and letters
recall
try again but only asked to recall a specific row
recall all: 33%
one row: 75%
delay one row: 25%
96
modal model of memory
input | sensory memory | STM | LTM
. output
STM rehearsal to rmb
STM <> LTM
97
proactive interference
occurs when info learned prev and stored in LTM interferes w learning of new info
98
evaluation of modal model
oversimplified
claims STM is modality free
control/manipulation process not clearly specified
claims rehearsal necessary for transfer to LTM
99
primacy effect
rmb words that were stated first better
| more time to rehearse
100
recency effect
rmb words at the end of the list better
| words stored in STM
101
patient HM
hippocampus removal
x LTM
ok STM
can kesrn nee skill but thinks hes doing it for the first time always
102
patient KF
damaged parietal lobe
ok LTM
x STM
STM only hold up to 2 things
103
episodic memory
memory for events snd experiences
104
semantic memory
memory for facts
105
pateint KC
hippocampus
lost episodic
ok semantic
106
patient LP
lost semantic
| ok episodic
107
remember/know procedure
10 yrs rmb > know
| 50 yrs know > rmb
108
procedural memory
skill memory
109
priming
the presentation of one stimulus changes the way a person responds to another stimulus
110
propaganda effect
more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as true simply because they have been exposed to it before
111
anterograde amnesia
cannot rmb anything after amnesia
| lose ability to learn
112
reterograde amnesia
memory loss before brain damage
113
serial position curve
primacy effect and recency effect
| u shaped curve
114
explicit LTM
episodic, semantic
115
implicit LTM
priming, procedural, conditioning
116
Craig
levels of processing theory
letter
rhyme
semantic
117
self-reference effect
memory is better when you link words to yourself
118
generation effect
generate info yourself better than passively reading or receiving it
119
Bransford & Johnson
mental framework
```
given random passage that seems not to make sense
when paired with a pic, makes more sense
pic > passage > recall better
passage > pic > x recall
passage alone > x recall
```
120
free recall
general qn and asked to remember the details
121
cued recall
given some trigger words
122
recognition
like in mcq
123
coding specificity
environmental context dependent memory
learn in water, better recall in water
leanr on land, better recall on land
124
memory and emotion
when a memory is associated with a strong emotion, it is better able to be recalled
125
flashbulb memories
memory for cicumstances surrounding how a person heard about an event
very complete
very accurate
immune to forgetting
details fade but they believe flashbulb memory is accurate and more vivid (confident)
126
factors that determine what gets into LTM
- emotion (impt)
- repetition
- depth of process (semantic meaning) (impt)
- effort/desire to learn
127
maintenance rehearsal
repetition
128
savings in relearning
faster to remember something you have already learnt
129
to improve learning and memory
- elaborate
- organise
- generate and test
- encoding specificity
- take breaks
- distributed learning
