MIDTERMS Flashcards
(140 cards)
1
Q
part of the text or statement that surrounds a particular word and determines its meaning
A
Speech Context
2
Q
Helps explain the situation something is in
A
Speech Context
3
Q
Three types of speech context
A
- Intrapersonal
- Interpersonal
- Public communication
4
Q
Communication with one’s self
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Intrapersonal communication
5
Q
This is the most basic level of communication
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Intrapersonal communication
6
Q
Unconscious to conscious
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Intrapersonal Communication
7
Q
Uses of Intrapersonal communication
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-clarifying ideas
-analyzing a situation
-reflect upon or appreciete something
8
Q
Three aspects of Intrapersonal Communication
A
- Self-concept
- Perception
- Expectations
9
Q
means self-perception or view you have of yourself
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self-concept
10
Q
in self concept, this where your ____ and _____ are formed
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beliefs and attitudes
11
Q
Three factors of self-concept
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-beliefs
-values
-attitudes
12
Q
This is a factor of self-concept that tackles the personal orientation about what is true or false; good or bad
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beliefs
13
Q
This is a factor of self concept that is the deep seated orientation and IDEALS based on beliefs
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values
14
Q
IDEALS; _______
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values
15
Q
This is a factor of self-concept that is the learned predespition towards or against a topic. Stems from values and often global and emotional.
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Attitudes
16
Q
global and emotional
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attitudes
17
Q
based on values
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attitudes
18
Q
based on beliefs
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values
19
Q
If self-concept focuses internally, this looks outward and is stemmed on beliefs, values, and attitudes.
A
perception
20
Q
future-oriented messages dealing with long term roles and is an aspect of intrapersonal communication
A
Expectations
21
Q
sometimes called life scripts
A
expectations
22
Q
projections of learned relationships within the family or society
A
expectations
23
Q
Different levels of Communicative Activity
A
-internal discourse
-solo vocal communication
-solo written communication
24
Q
A level of communicative activity that involves thinking, concentrating and analyzing.
A
internal discourse
25
what did the pyschologists include in internal discourse category?
daydreaming and nocturnal dreaming
26
Prayer, contemplation and meditation also are part of this category
internal discourse
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this is a level of communicative activity that involves speaking a loud to oneself
solo vocal communication
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why do we do solo vocal communication?
-clarify thinking
-rehearse a message intended for others
-let off steam
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What does solo written communication involve?
It involves writing not intended for others, like a diary.
30
this a process in which it is a SYSTEMATIC series of actions that leads to an outcome
interpersonal communication
31
actions performed when sending a message
message production
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activities those listenng to the message perform to UNDERSTAND what the speaker intends.
message interpretation
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activities participant perform to adjust their behavior to that of their partner
interaction coordination
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Purposes of interpersonal communication?
-share meaing
-meet social goals
-manage personal identity
-conduct relationships
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significance that sender and receiver attach to a message
meaning
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how can shared meaning occur?
when the receiver's interpretation of the message is similar to what the speaker thought of.
37
another reason why people communicate
meeting social goals
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helps us distinguish people form one another
personal identity
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Through _______ communication, we create and manage relationships
interpersonal
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Categories of interpersonal comm, according to number of people
dyadic communication and small group discussion
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involves two people so communication is a TWO-WAY flow
dyadic
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characterized by intimacy, immediacy and proximity, so interpersonal communication in this is immediete, feedback is immediete, because participants are facing each other.
dyadic
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three or more persons, like a f2f group discussion
small group discussion
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As more people are added to the group, interaction becomes more _______
difficult because people cannot talk freely
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Characteristics of Interpersonal Communication
-continous
-transactional
-irrversible
-situated
-indexial
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Interpersonal is continous because?
we constantly cosciously pr subconsciously send verbal and non verbal messages
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Interpersonal is transactional because?
each participant gains something
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Interpersonal is irreversible because?
it can never be ignored or taken back once you say something
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Interpersonal is situated because?
occurs within a specific communication setting, which affects how messages are interpreted
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Interpersonal is indexical because?
how we communicate is a measure of our relationship at a particular time
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extent to which partners in a relationship rely on
trust
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control
extent to which each personal has POWER or is "in charge"
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degree of emotional closeness
intimacy
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engage in dialogue in the public sphere to deliver a message to a specific audience
public communication
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examples of public communication
-public speaking events
-newspaper editorials
-billboard advertisements
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powerful tool to deliver an information not preciously known before
public communication
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important for success in school, career advancement, and for increasing self-confidence
public communication
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public communication speeches fall into 3 general categories, what are these
inform, persuade, entertain
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Characteristics of public communication
-prompted by important events
-public messages are constructed with more care that are most interpersonal messages
-audiences are large and heterogeneous
-physically distant from audience
-takes place in public sphere
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private sphere
own interest
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public sphere
when we communicate as members of a larger community
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Reasons why we engage in public communication
-stakes are high, we take stand on issues
-think more rigorosuly and imagine more abundantly
-necessary skill in most professional and managerial positions
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Speech styles are characterized by ______
formality
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Who made the 5 speech styles?
Martin Joos in 1959, cited by Beeching, Armstrong, and Gadet in 2009
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5 speech styles
1. frozen style (most formal)
2. formal style
3. consultative style
4. casual style
5. intimate style (most informal)
66
style for declamation and for print, listener is not allowed to question the speaker and is not allowed to speak or voice out opinion, therefore discourages people from speaking
frozen style
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extreme and impersonal style and is marked by social distance
frozen style
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what can cause the social distance in frozen style
sociocutural variances
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this speech style is more characteristic of WRITING than SPEECH, if spoken it is only for the most formal occasions
frozen style
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this speech style writing reflects labor of revision (watchful development of though, sound planning, attention to stylistic features, word appropriateness, rules of usage, etc)
frozen style
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this speech style calls reader to enter into a personal experience of artistic discovery to find more reflective values and meanings with each repetition, converting the text to this speech style (nirerecite lang niya) (brodrivk, 1976)
frozen style
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uses MOST complex grammar structure and vocabulary
frozen style
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customary, ritualized that permits listeners to recognize the GRANDER SPEECH EVENT it is embedded
frozen style
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have no distinction in the range of expressions and deviation from predetermined norms
frozen style
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this speech style's goal is TO INFORM, projected to a captive audience
formal style
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like the formal style, this speech style is impersonal and marked by social distance
formal style
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entails advanced planning and speaker is under obligation to offer a plan for the whole sentence before he begins expressing it
formal style
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needs CAUTIOUS editing
formal style
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in this speech style, when the speaker speaks something it has already been organized/planned before hand (reading the news, delivering a speech)
formal style
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in this speech style, it uses formal english (book, news reports, magazine, journal articles, business letters, or official speeches)
formal style
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speech style uses INTRICATE COMPLEX sentences and noun phrases that are well structured, logically sequenced, strongly coherent and uses formal words and expressions
formal style
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in this speech style, the standard of correctness is high. Some phrases that are correct in normal english (informal english) is not correct in formal english
formal style
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this speech style does NOT allow ellipsis, contractions, qualifying mofal adverbials (probably, possibly) and subjectivity markers (pronouns)
Example: "kind of"
formal style
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typical speech style for speaking to strangers or persons who are neither acquaintances nor friends (in dialog, or interview)
consultative style
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two essential features of consultative style
a.) speaker supplies background info-does not assume that he will be understood without it
b.) listener participates continously
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this speech style uses FEEDBACK and LISTENER PARTICIPATION
consultative style
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In consultative style, where does the speaker depend to, to know what he is going to say next?
The speaker depends on the listener responses in deciding whether he is being understood, should be more specific, or should reformulate
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chosen style for communicating with strangers we feel we share sociocultural and situational assumptions or opinions.
consultative style
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UNPLANNED SPEECH; UNMARKED; STARTING POINT; ORDINARY TYPE OF SPEECH
What speech style is this?
consultative style
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this speech style uses contractions (we're for we are) and fillers and hedges ("oh," "I see")
consultative style
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This style is used in conversations between friends and insider who have something to share and have shared background information.
Casual or Informal Style
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This speech style is marked by numerous degrees of subtlety because of intimacy between speaker and listener
Casual or Informal Style
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this speech style has unrestricted and relaxed participation
Casual or Informal Style
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informal language
Casual or Informal Style
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speech is spontaneous and not prepared ahead of time, or the writer is writing quickly without editing (internet chat rooms, blogs, personal emails, tweets)
Casual or Informal Style
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Give examples of Casual or Informal Style
Internet chat rooms, blogs, personal emails, tweets
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How will you make a person at ease if you want to get to know them more?
Use casual language.
98
What are the significant literary devices of casual or informal style?
Ellipsis (...), slang (Break a leg), profanities (balderdash!), and unconventional english
99
This comes in the forms of omission of phonological, grammatical, or lexical units
ellipsis
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"dude", "to tick someone off", "like crazy", "uh-uh"
Casual or Informal Style
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shortened words like "lemme go"
Casual or Informal Style
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this speech style is used in conversation between people who are very close, have a thorough going shared background information
Intimate Style
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this speech style is characterized by an economy of words, with a high incidence of NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION (gestures, facial expression, eye-contact)
Intimate Style
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Free and relaxed participation, far more elliptical than casual or informal style
Intimate Style
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Coffee's Cold; Casual Style
Cold (with some non-verbal gestures); _______
Intimate Style
106
Often not heard in courtrooms although the affirmatice "uh-huh" sometimes used by witnesses.
Intimate Style
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May be used among jurors during their out-of-the-courtroom deliberations after their intense, highly informal interaction in the courtroom
Intimate Style
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An utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an INTENDED EFFECT
Speech Acts
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some functions of this are apology, greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or refusal
Speech Acts
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This can be a word, a phrase, a sentence
"Thanks" and "thank you" both show appreciation regardless of the length of the statement
Speech Acts
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This is a functional unit in communication
Speech Acts
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Act that the speaker perforrms when he makes an UTTERANCE
Speech Acts
113
Types of Speech Acts
-Locutionary Act
-Illocutionary Act
-Perlocutionary Act
114
Explain the concept of Locutionary Act
it is the ACTUAL WORDS SPOKEN
act of SAYING or WRITING something in the language
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UTTERANCE
Locutionary Act
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It is the "intention" we have when saying or writing something
Illocutionary Act
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the FORCE of the word
Illocutionary Act
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-stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something;
-making a prediction, a promise or a request;
-issuing an order or a decision
-giving advice or permission
Illocutionary act because these are the intentions of the utterance of a word or phrase.
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It's more fun in the Philippines (intention)
opinion
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I'll help you clean the house tomorrow (intention)
promise
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Get my things in the office (intention)
order
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refers to the consequent effect of what was said. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal.
Perlocutionary Act
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Aim of this speech act is to change feelings, thoughts or actions.
Perlocutionary Act
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this speech act is highly influenced by "prior knowledge"
Perlocutionary Act
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According to ______ (1962), a philosopher language and the DEVELOPER OF SPEECH ACTS THEORY
J.L Austin
126
What are John Searle's (professor from university of California, Berkely, in response to Austin) classification of illocutionary acts?
1. Assistive/Representatives
2. Directives
3. Commissive
4. Expressive
5. Declarations
127
Illocutionary speech act
commits the speaker to something being the case (suggesting, putting forward, swearing, boasting, concluding)
Representatives/Assistives
128
Illocutionary speech act
speaker expresses belief about the truth of a proposition (NO ONE MAKES BETTER PANCAKES THAN ME)
Representatives/Assistives
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Illocutionary speech act
they try to make the adressee perform an action (asking, ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, begging)
Directives
130
Illocutionary speech act
commits the speaker to doing something in the future (promising, planning, vowing, betting, opposing)
Commissive
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Illocutionary speech act
expresses how the speaker feels about the situation (thanking, apologizing, welcoming, deploring)
Expressive
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Illocutionary speech act
Changes the state of the world in an immediate way (firing, baptizing, bidding, passing a sentence)
Declarations
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______ brings into existence or cause the state of affairs which they refer to.
Declarations
134
"No one makes better pancakes than me"
Representatives/Assistives
135
"Please close the door"
Directives
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"From now on, I will participate in our group activity"
Commisive cause future oriented
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"I am so sorry for not helping out in our group projects and letting you all do the work"
Expressive
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"You are fired"
Declarations
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"No one can love you better than I do"
Representatives/Assistives
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"From now on, I will love you and honor you for the rest of my life"
Comissive
