MIDTERMS

Question 1

An age class created by direct seeding or by planting seedlings or cuttings.

Answer 1

Artificial Regeneration

Question 2

The area of the cross section of a tree stem, including the bark, generally at breast height (4.5 feet above the ground).

Answer 2

Basal Area

Question 3

A standard height from ground level for recording diameter, girth, or basal area of a tree, generally 4.5 feet.

Answer 3

Breast Height

Question 4

A release treatment made in an age class not past the sapling stage in order to free the favored trees from less desirable individuals of the same age class who overtop them or are likely to do so

Answer 4

Cleaning

Question 5

Tree Any tree that is selected to become a component of a future commercial harvest.

Answer 5

Crop-tree

Question 6

The part of a tree or woody plant bearing live branches and foliage.

Answer 6

Crown

Question 7

A class of tree based on crown position relative to the crowns of adjacent trees.

Answer 7

Crown class

Question 8

The ground area covered by the crowns of trees or woody vegetation as delimited by the vertical projection of crown perimeters and commonly expressed as a percent of the total ground area

Answer 8

Crown Cover

Question 9

The amount and compactness of foliage of the crowns of trees and/or shrubs.

Answer 9

Crown Density

Question 10

The planned interval between partial harvests in an uneven-aged stand

Answer 10

Cutting Cycle

Question 11

A stand of trees containing a single age class in which the range of tree ages is usually less than 20 percent of rotation.

Answer 11

Even-Aged Stand

Question 12

A cutting made in a stand pole-sized or larger primarily to improve composition and quality by removing less desirable trees of any species

Answer 12

Improvement cutting

Question 13

A collective term for any treatment designed to enhance growth, quality, vigor, and composition of the stand after establishment or regeneration and prior to final harvest

Answer 13

Intermediate Treatments (Tending)

Question 14

An age class created from natural seeding, sprouting, suckering, or layering.

Answer 14

Natural Regeneration

Question 15

The natural or artificial restocking of an area with trees (syn. Regeneration).

Answer 15

Reforestation

Question 16

Seedlings or saplings existing in a stand; or the act of establishing young trees naturally or artificially (syn. Reforestation).

Answer 16

Regeneration

Question 17

A cutting method by which a new age class is created. The major methods are Clear cutting, Seed Tree, Shelterwood, Selection, and Coppice

Answer 17

Regeneration (Reproduction) Period

Question 18

In even-aged systems, the period between regeneration establishment and final cutting.

Answer 18

Rotation

Question 19

The removal of dead trees or trees being damaged or dying due to injurious agents other than competition, to recover value that would otherwise be lost.

Answer 19

Salvage Cutting

Question 20

The removal of trees to improve stand health by stopping or reducing the actual or anticipated spread of insects and disease

Answer 20

Sanitation Cutting

Question 21

A knowledge of the nature of the forest and forest trees, and how they grow, reproduce, and respond to changes in their environment.

Answer 21

Silvics

Question 22

The art and science of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests and woodlands to meet the diverse needs and values of landowners and society on a sustainable basis.

Answer 22

Silviculture

Question 23

A planned process whereby a stand is tended, harvested, and re- established. The system name is based on the number of age classes

Answer 23

Silvicultural System

Question 24

A measure of actual or potential forest productivity expressed in terms of the average height of a certain number of dominants and co-dominants in the stand at an index age.

Answer 24

Site Index

Question 25

A hand or mechanized manipulation of a site designed to enhance the success of regeneration

Answer 25

Site Preparation

Question 26

The productive capacity of a site, usually expressed as volume production of a given species.

Answer 26

Site Quality (Productivity

Question 27

A standing dead tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen.

Answer 27

Snag

Question 28

A contiguous group of trees sufficiently uniform in age class distribution, composition, and structure, and growing on a site of sufficiently uniform quality, to be a distinguishable unit

Answer 28

Stand

Question 29

A quantitative, absolute measure of tree occupancy per unit of land area in such terms as numbers of trees, basal area, or volume

Answer 29

Stand Density

Question 30

A term comprising all intermediate cuttings made to improve the composition, structure, condition, health, and growth of even- or uneven-aged stands.

Answer 30

Stand Improvement

Question 31

An indication of growing-space occupancy relative to a pre-established standard. Common indices of stocking are based on percent occupancy, basal area, relative density, and crown competition factor.

Answer 31

Stocking

Question 32

A cultural treatment made to reduce stand density of trees primarily to improve growth, enhance forest health, or recover potential mortality.

Answer 32

Thinning

Question 33

The period of time between successive thinning envies, usually used in connection with even-aged stands

Answer 33

Thinning Interval

Question 34

A stand is composed of two distinct age classes that are separated in age by more than 20 percent of rotation.

Answer 34

Two-Aged Stand

Question 35

A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with two age classes.

Answer 35

Two-Aged System

Question 36

The root pruning of seedlings in a nursery bed to limit root depth extension.

Answer 36

Undercutting

Question 37

A stand of trees of three or more distinct age classes, either intimately mixed or in small groups.

Answer 37

Uneven-Aged Stand

Question 38

A planned sequence of treatments designed to maintain and regenerate a stand with three or more age classes

Answer 38

Uneven-Aged System

Question 39

A release treatment in stands not past the sapling stage eliminates or suppresses undesirable vegetation regardless of crown position.

Answer 39

Weeding

Question 40

What is the general aim of silviculture?

Answer 40

~to ensure that the most available growing space is filled with useful plants for as much of the stand's life as is practical. ~to ensure that the dynamic structure of the stand meets the needs of the landowner

Question 41

What are the "useful plants"?

Answer 41

Timber Forage Forest vegetation

Question 42

Basic goals of the silvicultural system

Answer 42

~Meets the goals and objectives of the landowner ~Provides for regeneration ~Considers forest health issues ~Uses growing space and site productivity effectively

Question 43

Basic goals of the silvicultural system

Answer 43

~provides for the timely availability of many forest resources (not just timber) ~produces predictable harvests over the long term. ~balances biological/ecological and economic concerns to ensure the renewability of resources.

Question 44

Objectives of silvicultural practices

Answer 44

Control species composition Control of stand density Restocking of unproductive areas Protection and salvage Control of rotation length Facilitate the harvesting, management, and use of forest Protection of the site and indirect benefits Maintenance of aesthetic beauty

Question 45

An objective of silvicultural practice that choose species most suited to the area economically and biologically

Answer 45

Choose species composition

Question 46

An objective of silvicultural practice that prioritizes the provision and maintenance of just enough trees to stock the area at each stage of the life of the land.

Answer 46

Control of stand density

Question 47

An objective of silvicultural practice that prevent severe forest losses from damaging agencies

Answer 47

Protection and salvage

Question 48

An objective of silvicultural practice that requires reforestation, re- the establishment of a forest on vacant logged-over areas and unproductive areas.

Answer 48

Restocking of unproductive areas

Question 49

An objective of silvicultural practice that determine the optimum size and age by which trees are harvested accordingly. Proper management shortens the rotation period

Answer 49

Control of rotation length

Question 50

An objective of silvicultural practice that plan the growth of the stand so that any use of them is on a more efficient, economical, and orderly or predictable basis.

Answer 50

Facilitate the harvesting, management, and use of the forest

Question 51

What are the fields of silviculture?

Answer 51

Reproduction or establishment of forest land Reproduction/ Regeneration cutting

Question 52

Cutting is made with the purpose of removing and utilizing old and creating environmental conditions favorable to the establishment of reproduction.

Answer 52

Regeneration cutting

Question 53

The time during which reproduction cuttings are made to establish a new stand.

Answer 53

Regeneration or reproduction Period

Question 54

Period during which a single crop oe regeneration is allowed to grow. Period from establishment to harvesting.

Answer 54

Rotation

Question 55

Treatment of the stand during the portion of the rotation not included in the period of regeneration. Various cuttings are made during development from the period of regeneration up to maturity.

Answer 55

Intermediate Cuttings

Question 56

refers to mainly to thinning operation done in immature crops.

Answer 56

Tending

Question 57

3 main ideas of silvicultural system

Answer 57

a.The method of regeneration of the individual crops constituting the forest b.The form of crop produced c.And the orderly arrangement of crops over the whole forest

Question 58

a procedure by which a stand is established or renewed.

Answer 58

Reproduction Method

Question 59

Functions of the silvicultural system

Answer 59

Regeneration Tending Harvest

Question 60

What are the functions of the forest?

Answer 60

Productive function Protective function Social function

Question 61

A forest function that has an equal or greater importance than its productive function

Answer 61

Protective function

Question 62

A forest function that assists in controlling soil erosion, protects water supplies, and provides habitat for flora and fauna

Answer 62

Protective function

Question 63

A forest function that gives employment and facilities for field sports and recreation

Answer 63

Social function

Question 64

Classification of forest according to origin

Answer 64

High forest and (coppice) low forest

Question 65

Types of high forest

Answer 65

Clear cutting Seed Tree Shelterwood Selection

Question 66

Types of low forest

Answer 66

Simple coppice Compound coppice Pollarding

Question 67

The Philippines is losing approximately __________ hectares of forest cover every year

Answer 67

47,000

Question 68

The country is down to less than_________ of the original forest cover in the 1900s

Answer 68

24 percent

Question 69

What is the canopy density of open forest?

Answer 69

10-40 %

Question 70

What is the canopy density of closed forest?

Answer 70

60-100%

Question 71

A plant association predominantly of trees or other woody vegetation, a collection of stands.

Answer 71

Forest

Question 72

An aggregation of trees or other growth occupying a specific area and sufficiently uniform in species composition, size, age, arrangement, and condition as to be distinguished from the forest or other growth on adjoining areas.

Answer 72

Stand

Question 73

The composition of stands is conceived of as being either pure or mixed

Answer 73

Stand composition

Question 74

A stand in which at least 80% of the trees in the main canopy are of single species.

Answer 74

Pure stand

Question 75

A stand in which less than 80% of the trees in the canopy are of a single species.

Answer 75

Mixed stand

Question 76

The density of stocking expressed in number of trees, basal area, volume, or other criteria, on a per-acre basis

Answer 76

Stand density

Question 77

Stands in which all the growing space is effectively occupied but which still have ample room for the development of the crop trees.

Answer 77

Fully stocked stands

Question 78

Stands in which the growing space is so completely utilized that growth has slowed down and many trees, including dominants, are being suppressed.

Answer 78

Overstocked stands

Question 79

Stands in which the growing space is not effectively occupied by crop trees.

Answer 79

Understocked stands

Question 80

Stands are usefully described and considered from the standpoint of the age classes of which they are composed. Generally, two stand forms are recognized. These are:

Answer 80

Stand form

Question 81

Stands in which there exists relatively small age differences between individual trees.

Answer 81

Even-aged stands

Question 82

Stands in which there exists relatively large age differences between individual trees. At least 3 age classes are present. A similar meaning is alleged stand.

Answer 82

Uneven-aged stand

Question 83

Stands in which there are two distinct age classes.

Answer 83

Two-aged stands

Question 84

Stands may be classified by origin; whether from seed or sprouts and suckers, or a combination of the two. Also descriptive of origin are natural or planted, and virgin or second growth.

Answer 84

Stand origin

Question 85

the topographic location of the stand.

Answer 85

Stand location

Question 86

What are the 2 broad topographic positions of stand?

Answer 86

upland and bottomland

Question 87

Uppermost branches and leaves of tall trees which act like a roof over the forest ground.

Answer 87

Canopy

Question 88

The layer of vegetation in a forest which is just below the canopy. It consists of smaller trees and tree saplings

Answer 88

Understory

Question 89

The ground surface of forest and has many kinds of small leafless plants such as mosses, liverworts and lichens, etc

Answer 89

Forest Floor

Question 90

A forest that regenerated from seeds

Answer 90

High forest

Question 91

A forest that regenerated from vegetative parts of the tree

Answer 91

Coppice forest

Question 92

This forest is regenerated naturally

Answer 92

Natural forest

Question 93

This forest is obtained artificially

Answer 93

Man-made forest

Question 94

Classification of forest according to species composition

Answer 94

Pure forest/ stand and mixed forest

Question 95

What are the species of mixed forest?

Answer 95

Principal species Accessory species Auxiliary species

Question 96

The most important species in mixed forest either by frequency, volume, or silviculture value

Answer 96

Principal species

Question 97

A species of less importance

Answer 97

Accessory species

Question 98

A species of inferior quality or size and having less silviculture value or importance

Answer 98

Auxiliary species

Question 99

Classification of forest according to age classes

Answer 99

Even-aged forest Uneven-aged forest

Question 100

Classification of forests according to the objective of management

Answer 100

Production forest Protection forest Social forest

Question 101

A forests where the produce is utilised by neighbouring society

Answer 101

Social forest

Question 102

Classification of forest on the basis of growing stock

Answer 102

Normal Forest Abnormal forest

Question 103

an ideal forest with regard to growing stock, age class distribution and increment and from which the annual or periodic removal of produce equals to the increment and can be continued indefinitely without endangering future yields.

Answer 103

Normal forest

Question 104

The growing stock, age, class, distribution of stems, increment, etc. are either in excess or more usually in deficit than the normal forest

Answer 104

Abnormal forest

Question 105

3 classification of forest according to climate

Answer 105

Temperate forest Tropical Forest Boreal forest

Question 106

What is the temperature of temperate forest?

Answer 106

Varies because of 4 distinct seasons found across eastern north america and eurasia

Question 107

Precipitation is abundant and lends to fertile soil that is able to support diverse flora like maples, oak, and birch. Deer, squirrels, and bears

Answer 107

Temperate forest

Question 108

What is the temperature of tropical forest?

Answer 108

20-31 degrees Celsius (68-88)

Question 109

It has a significant role in removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Answer 109

Boreal forest

Question 110

Conifers, spruce, fir, and pine trees are the predominant needle-leaf plant species _______. Moose and deer are just a couple of examples of large herbivorous mammals in this environment.

Answer 110

Boreal forest

Question 111

Six types of forest in the Philippines

Answer 111

Dipterocarp Molave Pine Mangrove Beach Mid-mountain

Question 112

Exposed to strong winds, the trees are mostly dwarfed and usually covered with mosses, liverworts, filmy ferns, and epiphytic orchids.

Answer 112

Mid-mountain forest

Question 113

Occurs on tidal flats at the mouths of streams and on the shores of protected bays.

Answer 113

Mangrove forest

Question 114

The forest (stand) is composed mostly of about seven species of the Rhizophoraceae family

Answer 114

Mangrove forest

Question 115

The forest (stand), as a rule, is open and scattered, averaging 45 m3 per hectare.

Answer 115

Pine forest

Question 116

This type of forest is more open than the dipterocarp type and the volume of timber per unit is much less, averaging 30 m3 per hectare

Answer 116

Molave forest

Question 117

It occurs in regions where there are distinct wet and dry seasons, each of several months' duration

Answer 117

Molave forest

Question 118

This is the forest type in which members of the Dipterocarp family form the predominating timber species, about 75 percent by volume.

Answer 118

Dipterocarp forest

Question 119

They thrive under a variety of conditions, from moist river bottoms to hilly and mountainous country, and make up the upper story in more or less pure stands

Answer 119

Dipterocarp forest

Question 120

It maintains forests that change over time through edge insertions and deletions

Answer 120

Dynamic tree data structures