Midterms Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
greek word meaning life
A
bios
2
Q
greek word meaning to study
A
logos
3
Q
a natural science that deals with the living components of nature
A
biology
4
Q
the logical process of learning facts through observation and experimentation from which, certain conclusions or theories are drawn
A
scientific method
5
Q
preliminary conclusions or intelligent assumptions about the problem that are merely based on observation
A
hypotheses
6
Q
the conclusion derived from actual experiences or experiments formed to explain certain phenomena and the relationships between them
A
theory
7
Q
a statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and a series of experiments to be true
A
scientific law
8
Q
a law of nature on which other laws are based; it is established with certainty by inference from adequate factual information
A
scientific principle
9
Q
all organisms are made up of cells, and these cells come from pre-existing cells
A
cell concept
10
Q
life comes only from life
A
biogenesis
11
Q
all living things have a common ancestor and are adapted to a particular way of life
A
evolution/natural selection
12
Q
organisms contain coded information that dictated their structure, function, and behavior
A
gene concept
13
Q
the internal environment remains within a normal range
A
homeostasis
14
Q
study of origin of species
A
evolution
15
Q
study of fossils/evidences of the past
A
paleontology
16
Q
study of ancestral history of organism
A
phylogeny
17
Q
study of interactions and relationships within an ecosystem
A
ecology
18
Q
study of distribution of living things
A
biogeography
19
Q
study of variety of living things
A
biodiversity
20
Q
study of wildlife and forest management
A
forestry
21
Q
study of fresh water habitats
A
limnology
22
Q
study of marine water habitats
A
oceanography
23
Q
study of composition of living things
A
biochemistry
24
Q
study of cells
A
cytology
25
study of tissues
histology
26
study of organs
organology
27
study of dissection of body parts
anatomy
28
study of gross structure
morphology
29
study of functions
physiology
30
study of development of the embryo
embryology
31
study of heredity
genetics
32
study of development history of an individual
ontogeny
33
study of diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases
medicine
34
study of moral values, rights and duties in medicine
bioethics
35
study of diseases
pathology
36
study of parasites
parasitology
37
study of skin diseases
dermatology
38
study of cancer
oncology
39
study of disorders of urinary and male reproductive organs
urology
40
study of disorders of female reproductive organs
gynecology
41
study of treatment of diseases, deformities, and injuries through operations
surgery
42
study of use of anesthetic substance
anesthesiology
43
study of mental disorders
psychiatry
44
study of diseases of children
pediatrics
45
study of diseases of seniors citizens
geriatrics
46
study of classification and phylogeny
systematics
47
study of classification
taxonomy
48
study of naming/assigning of scientific name
nomenclature
49
study of bacteria
bacteriology
50
study of viruses
virology
51
study of protozoans
protozoology
52
study of algae
phycology
53
study of fungi
mycology
54
study of mosses
bryology
55
study of worms
helminthology
56
study of crustaceans
carcinology
57
study of shells
conchology
58
study of mollusks
malacology
59
study of insects
entomology
60
study of fishes
ichthyology
61
study of reptiles and amphibians
herpetology
62
study of birds
ornithology
63
life is believed to have been originated from protoplasm in the form of a resistant spore coming from outer planets propelled by radiation pressure
panspermia/cosmozoic/interplanetary theory
64
life is a product or creation by supreme beings or deities; life is believed to have been created by the Almighty God
creationism/divine creation theory
65
organisms suddenly emerged from rotting meat and other decomposable items
spontaneous generation
66
life came from non-living things or matter
abiogenesis
67
organic molecules could be formed from non-living materials in the presence of an external energy source, such as UV radiation; life came from non-living things through multiple evolutionary processes
miller-urey experiment
68
the blueprints of life
DNA
69
the combination of all chemical processes that build or break down materials in an organism
metabolism
70
the changing of matter from an outer environment and transforming that matter as part of the cells so that the organism can benefit from the energy being produced by metabolism
assimilation
71
metabolism that build up
anabolism
72
metabolism that break down
catabolism
73
making new organisms of the same species
reproduction
74
reproduction where only one parent is involved and the cells produced are essentially identical
asexual reproduction
75
reproduction where two parents join to produce a new organism
sexual reproduction
76
during this process, an organism becomes less efficient at the process of life
aging
77
the ability of living things to react to stimuli
irritability
78
anything in the environment that causes an organism to react
stimulus
79
modifications or changes occurring not only to individuals but to all members of a population to promote the likelihood of survival
adaptation
80
exchanging gases with the environment
respiration
81
the current living oldest plant estimated to be 5,000 years old
great basin bristlecone pine/pinus longaeva
82
can grow up to approximately 100 meters talll; taller than london’s big ben and the statue of liberty
sequoia sempervirens/redwoods
83
parasitic plant that gets its nutrient from its host
corpse flower/rafflesia
84
dubbed the tallest inflorescence in the world
titan arum/amorphophallus titanum
85
greek word meaning botanical
botanikos/botanique
86
greek word meaning to feed
boskein
87
father of botany; he noted that plants could be classified based from their habit, growth, and number of cotyledon
theophrastus
88
the father of modern botany and taxonomy
carl linnaeus
89
founder of phytogeography; he came up with an idea to explain restricted plant distributions
carl wildenow
90
a multicellular organism capable of making its own food by photosynthesis
plant
91
the increase in cell number and cell size of an organism
growth
92
the changes in an organism from its immature to mature life stages
development
93
a group of individual organisms that are similar since they descended from a common ancestor
specied
94
the ability of the substance to change into another new substance as a result of chemical change
chemical properties
95
formed between two or more atoms by the transfer of one or more electrons between atoms
ionic bond
96
the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms
covalent bond
97
the most abundant component of the cell; universal solvent
water
98
small molecules lacking hydrocarbon
inorganic compounds
99
molecules that release hydrogen ions when added to a solution
acids
100
molecules that release hydroxide ions into solution
bases
101
used to measure the acidity and alkalinity of a solution
pH scale
102
formed from the neutralization of an acid and a base
salts
103
a compound that tends to maintain a solution at a constant pH by accepting or releasing H+ in response to small changes in H+ concentration; examples are bicarbonate and phosphates
buffer
104
needed for biological oxidation of food to release energy
oxygen
105
a waste product of oxidation produced during cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
106
carbon-containing compounds; molecules of life
organic compounds
107
a unique element due to its remarkable ability to form covalent bonds that are strong and stable
carbon
108
the building blocks of carbohydrates; simple sugars
monosaccharides
109
fatty acids that have one or more double bonds that occur along the fatty acid chains; considered healthier than saturated fats
unsaturated fats
110
building blocks of proteins
amino acids
111
substances used to catalyze chemical reactions within the cell
enzymes
112
form constituent groups of nucleotides; include ribose and deoxyribose
pentoses
113
double sugars; formed by condensation reactions or dehydration synthesis and can be broken down by hydrolysis
disaccharides
114
polymers made up of monosaccharide monomers
polysaccharides
115
emergency sugar; reserve food in animals found mostly in liver and muscle
glycogen
116
found in the exoskeleton of invertebrates
chitin
117
major component of the cell wall of plant
cellulose
118
building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
119
storage of energy
triglycerides
120
critically important in membrane structure
phospholipids
121
cell-to-cell adhesion and communication
glycolipids
122
derived from a four-membered ring compound known ad penanthrene which makes them structurally distinct from other lipids
steroids
123
the precursor for the synthesis of all steroid hormones
cholesterol
124
components of vitamin a, carotenoid pigments, and electron carriers like coenzyme Q and plastoquinone
terpenes
125
proper sequence/order of amino acids within a particular polypeptide
primary structure
126
formed by the coiling or folding of primary structures
secondary structure
127
formed by three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide chain
tertiary structure
128
formed by the association of 2 or more folded polypeptides to form a multimeric protein
quartenary structure
129
strandlike, filamentous structural proteins; examples are collagen and keratin
fibrous proteins
130
proteins in combination with a color group
chromoproteins
131
proteins in combination with carbohydrate
glycoproteins
132
combination of simple proteins known as histones and nucleic acids
nucleoproteins
133
proteins in combination with lipids
lipoproteins
134
proteins in combination with phosphoric acid
phosphoprotein
135
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
136
repository of genetic information
DNA
137
expression of genetic information during protein synthesis
RNA
138
transcribed from DNA and forms a template for protein synthesis because this contains information that specifies the amino acid sequence of one or more polypeptides
messenger RNA/mRNA
139
possesses anticodon that recognized a specific codon in a mRNA
transfer RNA/tRNA
140
used in the synthesis of ribosomes
ribosomal RNA/rRNA
141
modified nucleotide with adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups; provides form of chemical energy usable by all body cells
adenosine triphosphate/ATP
142
electron carriers during electron transport
nucleotide coenzymes
143
called when the DNA is not found in linear units; appears like beads-on-a-string through an electron microscope
chromatin
144
the governor of the cell
nucleus
145
has no ribosomes attached
smooth ER
146
the site of protein synthesis
ribosome
147
the site for cellular respiration
mitochondrion
148
a firm structure formed when cellulose molecules crystalize
microfibril
149
stacks of flattened thylakoid vesicles
grana
150
reported that thin slices of cork and other plant materials contained minute partitions separating cavities that he named cells
robert hooke
151
discovered the microscope and free cells with nucleus (red blood cell)
anton van leeuwenhoek
152
discovered the cell substance (protoplasm)
dujardin
153
stated that any living body must have its parts of cellular tissue or formed by such tissue
jean baptiste de lamarck
154
described the nucleus as the central feature in plant cells; discovered movement of microscopic particles
robert brown
155
cells were the unit of structure in animals
theodor schwann
156
concluded that cells come only from other cells
rudolf virchow
157
cells ensure continuity between one generation through mitosis
alexander flemming
158
gatekeeper of the cell
plasma membrane
159
thick semi-fluid portion of the cytoplasm
cytosol
160
highly organized structures with characteristic shapes that are highly specialized for specific cellular activities
organelles
161
extend across the phospholipids bilayer among the fatty acid tails
intrinsic/integral proteins
162
loosely attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane and are easily separated from it
extrinsic/peripheral proteins
163
separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
nuclear envelope/membrane
164
nucleus inside a nucleus; disperse and disappear during cell division; sites of assembly of ribosomes
nucleoli
165
the inner mitochondrion membrane is arranged in a series of folds called ___
cristae
166
the central cavity of a mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane and cristae
matrix
167
manufacture proteins for domestic use
free ribosomes
168
manufacture proteins for export use
attached ribosomes
169
studded with ribosomes
rough ER
170
processes, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and secretory vesicles
golgi complex
171
act as waste disposal units, digesting and removing foreign material brought into the cell from outside or removing cellular organelles which are not needed
lysosomes
172
programmed cell death
apoptosis
173
lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own structures
autophagy
174
lysosomes act as suicide bags during apoptosis
autolysis
175
lysosomal enzyme digest bacteria and other substances that enter the cell in phagocytic vesicles during phagocytosis
intracellular digestion
176
lysosomal enzymes released at sites of injury help digest cellular debris
extracellular digestion
177
another group of organelles similar in structure to lysosomes, but smaller
peroxisomes
178
enzymes that generate hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
179
enzymes that degrades hydrogen peroxide
catalase
180
responsible for movement of whole cells, such as phagocytes, and for movement of organelles and chemical within the cell
cytoskeleton
181
hollow, cylindrical structures about 25 nm in diameter assembled from the protein called tubulin; function like a conveyor belt to move various substances and organelles thru the cytosol
microtubules
182
composed of ropelike protein strands which are 8-12 nm in diameter
intermediate filaments
183
twisted double strands, each consisting of a string of protein subunits; 8nm in diameter; play a key role in almost all types of contractility and motility
microfilaments
184
slender extensions of the plasma membrane
flagella and cilia
185
a dense area of cytoplasmic material near the nucleus
centrosome
186
serve as centers for organizing microtubules in nondividing cells and the mitotic spindle during the cell division
centrioles
187
fluid-filled sacs surrounded by a single membrane
vacuoles
188
does not require the cell to expend any energy and involved a substance diffusing down its concentration gradient across a membrane
passive transport
189
a region of space over which the concentration of a substance changes and substances will naturally move down their gradients
concentration gradient
190
integral proteins that are specific for transporting certain polar molecules or classes of molecules that are too large to pass through membrane channels
carriers
191
transmembrane proteins that transport substances through aqueous channels from one side of the membrane to the other
channels
192
always open and simply allow ions or water to move according to concentration gradients
leakage channels
193
controlled by chemical or electrical signals
gated channels
194
diffusion that is helped along a membrane transport channel
facilitated diffusion
195
the net movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
osmosis
196
the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering the cells’ internal water volume
tonicity
197
more dilute than cells; lower solute in solution than in cell; water moves into the cell; plant cells are turgid
hypotonic solution
198
have the same concentration of non-penetrating solutes as those found in the cells; plant cells are flaccid
isotonic solution
199
have a higher concentration of non-penetrating solutes than seen in the cell; water moves out of the cell and shrinks; plant cells are plasmolyzed
hypertonic solution
200
requires carrier proteins that combine specifically and reversibly with the transported substances; move solutes uphill against a concentrations gradient
active transport
201
growth from within
intussusception
202
growth from outer layer
apposition
203
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
element
204
a substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ration
compound
205
those required by an organism in minute quantities
trace elements
206
chemical substance found within a living organism; very large molecules that are covalently bonded together
biomolecules
