MIDTERMS Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
Breaks down the fats into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
A
Pancreatic lipase
2
Q
Types of macrominerals
A
Calcium, Chloride, Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, Sulfur
3
Q
Nonpolar amino acids (hydrophobic) examples
A
Alanine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, tryptophan, proline, phenylalanine
4
Q
make hydrogen of glucose molecule available to be oxidized
A
Citric Acid Cycle
5
Q
It travels in the blood and cleaves into another protein called angiotensin
A
Renin
6
Q
Plays a key role in the maintenance of brain function
A
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
7
Q
Functions of Lipids
A
Store energy
Regulation and signaling
Insulating and protection
8
Q
Caused by inadequate amount of protein in the body. Symptoms include diarrhea, fatigue, peeling skin, irritability
A
Kwashiorkor
9
Q
Requires sodium co-transport
A
Glucose and Galactose
10
Q
Widely used as a food color
A
Vitamin B2 Riboflavin
11
Q
AMDR of Saturated fats
A
fewer than 10% of total calories
12
Q
Examples of Basic Amino acids (positively charged hydrophilic)
A
Lysine, arginine, histidine
13
Q
Dissolved substances in a fluid
A
Solutes
14
Q
Insensible water loss (site and amount)
A
Skin - 500 ml
Lungs - 400 ml
15
Q
Vitamin D is synthesized from ___ in the skin upon UV exposure
A
7-dehydroxycholesterol
16
Q
Copying of genetic info from DNA to messenger RNA
A
Transcription
17
Q
Refers to the physical changes in protein when exposed to abnormal conditions
A
Denaturation
18
Q
Has a role in photosynthesis and found in all green leafy vegetables
A
Phylloquinone
19
Q
Make up 95% of lipids in the diet
A
Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols
20
Q
Niacin two active components
A
Nicotinic acid and Nicotinamide
21
Q
Serves as a catalyst for various metabolic functions
A
iron
22
Q
These include soft drinks, candy, highly processed food
A
Empty-calorie carbohydrates
23
Q
T/F carbohydrates may function as fat spares where it prevents breakdown of lipids
A
True
24
Q
These are workhorses of life and equate up to 20% of human body
A
Proteins
25
Two types of vitamin A
retinoids and carotenoids
26
Required part of several enzymes involved in synthesis of collagen, signaling molecules in brain and enhances the absorption of non-heme irom
Vitamin C
27
Increased level of lipids in the blood
Hyperlipidemia
28
The active form of vitamin D
1,25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol or calcitriol
29
Types of water outputs
Insensible water loss
Sensible water loss
30
Amino acids that are able to be synthesized by our bodies
Non-essential Amino acids
31
Provides a good amount of fiber with a host of other health benefits
Indigestible carbohydrates
32
RDI for children in vitamin D
15 micrograms
33
Acidic amino acids (negatively charged hydrophilic) examples
Aspartic acid and glutamic acid
34
Comes from a language on Ghana meaning "rejected one"
Kwashiorkor
35
Main types of Lipids
Triacylglycerols
Sterols
Phospholipids
36
Unique nutrient that can be synthesized from tryptophan
Vitamin B3 Niacin
37
Substances that, when dissolved in water, disassociate into charged ions
Electrolytes
38
It stimulates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone
Angiotensin
39
Vitamin D regulates what ions in the bone
Calcium and phosphorus
40
Angiotensin stimulates the release of
Aldosterone
41
First step in pantothenic acid utilization
Phosphorylation
42
Types of protein
Hormone, Enzyme, Antibodies
43
It is an important component of two amino acids, cysteine and methionine
Sulfur
44
Coenzyme for synthesis of methionine and RNA and DNA
Folate
45
Examples of non-essential amino acids
Alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine.
46
Most abundant positively charged ion in the cell
Potassium
47
Also known as complex carbs and are beneficial. These are slowly digested and does not result to a sudden increase in insulin
Slow-releasing carbohydrates
48
50% protein and 50% cholesterol. These scavenge excess cholesterol from the vessels and deliver back to the liver.
High-density lipoproteins
49
Dismantles triacyclglycerols in the lipoproteins into fatty acids and glycerol.
Lipoprotein-lipase
50
Enzyme present in stomach to breakdown lipids
Human gastric lipase
51
Requires facilitated diffusion
Fructose
52
Water output per day averages __
2.5 Liters
53
Requirement of vitamin C to prevent scurvy
10 mg/day
54
Four groups of amino acids
Nonpolar, Polar, Acidic, and Basic Amino Acid
55
Provides a mass/bulk in foods, vitamins, and minerals
Digestible carbohydrates
56
Most abundant mineral in the body next to calcium
Phosphorus
57
Primary anion in extracellular fluid
Chloride
58
Extensively used to galvanize other metals such as iron to prevent corrosion
Zinc
59
Primary transport of fluid in the body
Blood
60
Hormone that regulates blood glucose and composed of 51 amino acids
Insulin
61
Most abundant intracellular trace element
Zinc
62
Responsible for shuttling the Triglycerides to various locations where they are stored by the body in adipose tissue for tissue use
Chylomicrons
63
Pairs of 2 monosaccharides linked together with at least 1 glucose molecule
Disaccharides
64
Group of fat soluble vitamin and play an essential role in blood coagulation
Vitamin K
65
Majority of starch digestion and breakdown of disaccharides occur here
Small Intestine
66
Vitamin B5
Pantothenic acid
67
RDI for adults in vitamin D
15-20 micrograms
68
Polar amino acids (hydrophilic) examples
Glycine, glutamine, serine, threonine, cysteine, tyrosine, asparagine.
69
AMDR for fat in children
25-35% of caloric intake
70
It is an alkaline earth metal and is the second most common cation in the body
Magnesium
71
Importance of water
1. Water as transaction vehicle
2. Water as a medium for chemical reactions
3. Water as lubricant/shock absorber
4. Water as temperature regulator
72
Vitamin B7
Biotin
73
Activates thirst mechanism and release of antidiuretic hormone
High sodium level
74
Most abundant protein
Collagen
75
More powerful enzyme released into the small intestine
Pancreatic amylase
76
Iron deficiency anemia develops in three stages:
1. Depletion of storage iron
2. decrease in transported iron
3. Insufficiency of iron for hemoglobin
77
Its function is to store unused calories in adipose tissues and provide energy
Triglycerides/ Triacylglycerols
78
Most well-known sterol
Cholesterol
79
These are largely water insoluble with high energy yield consisting carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Lipids
80
Process through which information encoded in mRNA directs the protein synthesis
Translation
81
AMDR of trans fat
less than 1% of total calories
82
Comes from a Greek word meaning starvation
Marasmus
83
Types of Diabetes
Type 1
Type 2
Gestational Diabetes
84
How many grams of protein does an egg supply
6 grams
85
This area controls automatic functions such as heart rate
Medulla
86
The control of fluid balance and composition in the body
Osmoregulation
87
This increases sodium and water reabsorption
Aldosterone
88
it measures the time required in the formation of a fibrin clot after the addition of calcium and thromboplastin
Prothrombin time
89
Re-esterification of fatty acid into monoglycerides and into triacylglycerols within the enterocyte
Acyl-coA-cholesterol acyltransferase
90
Vitamin b6
Pyridoxine, pyridoxical, or pyridoxamine
91
Organ or part of the body that sends neural signals to higher sensory areas stimulating conscious thought to drink
Hypothalamus
92
One dimensional sequence of amino acid held by peptide bond
Primary protein structure
93
Achieved when protein fragments called peptides combine to make one larger functional protein
Quaternary protein structure
94
These are linolenic acid and can make Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Omega-3 fatty acid
95
Kidneys filter how many liters of blood and produce how many urine per day
filter 190 liters of blood (on average) and produce 1.5 liters of urine per day
96
Types of carbohydrates
Sugar and Starches
97
Force of water/ pressure exerted by water
Hydrostatic pressure
98
RDI for Vitamin C in female and male
Female : 75 mg/day
male: 90 mg/day
pregnant: 85 mg/day
lactating: 120 mg/day
99
Building blocks of protein
Amino Acids
100
Ascorbic acid specific roles in two groups of enzymes
1. copper-containing hydroxylases
2. 2-oxoglutarate-linked iron-containing hydroxylases
101
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Beriberi
102
Only make up 2% of the dietary lipids. It forms a protective membrane or barrier in the cells
Phospholipids
103
Rarest kind of lipids.
Sterol
104
These are present in the mouth and may initiate the digestion of lipids (Triglycerides and phospholipids into diglycerides)
Lingual Lipase
105
Phases for digestion and absorption of lipids
Gastric phase, Duodenal Phase, Ilial Phase
106
Requirement of vitamin C to for optimum wound healing
20 mg/day
107
Most abundant, composed of 6 carbon atoms, 12 hydrogen atoms and 6 oxygen atoms
Glucose
108
Vitamin D is also known as
Calciferol and Sunshine vitamin
109
Required for the synthesis of carnitine
Trimethyl-lysine and g-butyrobetaine hydroxylases
110
Condition in the heart where heart valves become compromised in their ability to open wide enough
Stenosis
111
Average intake of vitamin K for adult females and males
75 micrograms/day
120 micrograms/day
112
Average fluid consumption per day
1.5 Liters
113
Body's major source of energy composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Carbohydrates
114
Desirable value of cholesterol in the body
under 200 mg/dl
115
Caused by low dietary intake of potassium
Hypokalemia
116
It fuses with sodium chloride and can act as reliable tracer
Lithium
117
Vitamers of vitamin k
Phylloquinone
Menadiol
Menaquinone
118
Sensible water loss (site and amount)
Urine : 1,500 ml
Feces: 100 ml
119
When valves bulge or prolapse back into the upper chamber
Mitral valve prolapse
120
deficiency of Vitamin b12
Pernicious Anemia
121
D2 is found in __ while D3 is produced in ___
plants and dietary supplements, skin and animal foods
122
Adequate Intake of potassium
4.7 grams per day
123
It is a lipid-soluble antioxidant and functions in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins as an antioxidant that traps free radicals
Vitamin E
124
Deficiency of this mineral can result in muscle weakness, twitching, cramps, and spasms
Magnesium
125
Adequate intake of water for male and female
Male: 3..7 L
female: 2.7 L
126
Metabolic disorder characterized by a lack of insulin and excess glucose
Diabetes
127
T/F: Carbohydrates are further digested in stomach
False. Salivary amylase is only inactivated but no further digestion occurs
128
Desirable value of overall lipid profile (LDL , HDL, tryglycerides, VLDL)
LDL: less than 160 mg/dl
HDL: greater than 40-60 mg/dl
Triacylglycerols: 10-150 mg/dl
VLDL: 2-38 mg/dl
129
Diseases that could arise from Selenium deficiency
Keshan's disease and Kashin-beck disease
130
Deficiency of phosphorus can cause
Hypophosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism
131
It detects sodium concentration in the blood
Osmoreceptor in hypothalamus
132
Two forms of vitamin D
Ergocalciferol and cholecalciferol
133
Approximately 25% protein, 75% cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein
134
A chemical called xanthine in seeds and makes a person psychoactive
Caffeine
135
Vitamin B12
Cobalamins or cyanocobalamin
136
Can be converted into ATP if carbohydrate intake is inadequate
Proteins/ Sparing proteins
137
Dietary Fibers (slow-releasing carbohydrates) are classified as
Water soluble and insoluble
138
Zinc is transported in plasma by __ and __
Albumin and Alpha2-macroglobulin
139
5 food groups under carbohydrates
Grain, vegetables, dairy products, fruits, meats and beans
140
Recommended Dietary Allowance of Carbohydrates a day.
130 g/day
141
Considered provitamins as these are converted into active vitamin A in the body
Carotenoids
142
To balance heat gain and heat loss
Thermoregulation
143
It is a stable radical formed by reaction of ascorbate with reactive oxygens species
Monodehydroascorbate
144
5 primary functions of carbohydrates
1. Energy production
2. Energy storage
3. Building macromolecules
4. Sparing protein
5. Assisting in Lipid Metabolism
145
Transport of hydrogen ion into multiple oxidative chemical reaction
Dehydrogenation
146
AMDR for protein for adults
10-35 %
147
In the liver, Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation to become
25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
148
It is a copper containing enzyme involved in the synthesis of catecholamines from tyrosine in adrenal medulla and CNS
Dopamine b-hydroxylase
149
Prominent source of fat for most people
Saturated fats
150
Protein that acts as adhesive between cells and consists more than 1000 amino acids
Collagen
151
Process which involves adding chlorine compounds to the water
Chlorination
152
It is the preferred fuel source
Monosaccharides (fast-releasing carbohydrates)
153
Amino acids that are obtained from the diet and cannot be synthesized in the body
Essential Amino acids
154
These are whole-grain breads, low-fat dairy products, fruits, vegetables, and are the best dietary source
Nutrient-dense carbohydrates
155
Proteins come from the Greek word ?
Proteios
156
Digestive enzyme present in saliva (Specific)
Ptyalin (a-amylase)
157
Used in many processed food such as cookies, cakes, and chips to have a crispy texture
Trans Fat
158
Process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fatty-acid chains
Hydrogenation
159
Formation of glycogen
Glycogenesis
160
Enzyme in mouth that breaks down carbohydrates to shorter polysaccharides
Salivary Amylase
161
Chemical added to plastics
Bisphenol A
162
Can deposit cholesterol in the blood vessel walls, which can lead to harmful diseases
Low-density lipoprotein
163
AMDR of polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats
20-35% of total calories
164
What would happen in a cell when exposed to
Isotonic Solution:
Hypotonic Solution:
Hypertonic Solution:
Isotonic Solution: stay the same
Hypotonic Solution: swell then burst
Hypertonic Solution: Shrink then die
165
Irritable, neurotic, discontented, whining and cranky person
Scorbutico
166
A disorder of primary zinc malabsorption characterized by alopecia, eczematoid skin lesions
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
167
Essential Amino acids examples
histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine
168
Largest known protein
Titin
169
used to treat patients with an overdose of warfarin
vitamin K
170
These are Linoleic acid, used to make arachidonic acid to make eicosanoids
Omega-6 fatty acids
171
Derived from vitamin A with various dermatological and therapeutic applications
Retinoids
172
Condition where the heart valves do not close tightly and blood begins to leak between chambers
regurgitation
173
Controls conscious movement and coordination
Cerebellum
174
Caused by mutation in protein that transports chloride ions out of the cell
Cystic Fibrosis
175
It is a fat soluble vitamin that offers health benefits including improved vision, reduced risk of cancers, and more
Vitamin A
176
breaks the peptide bonds between amino acids producing protein fragments
pepsin
177
Acts as an emulsifier to combine the separated fats with own watery fluids
Bile
178
Formation of large quantities of ATP by oxidation of hydrogen
Oxidative Phosphorylation
179
Most abundant mineral in the body
Calcium
180
Deficiency in vitamin D can lead to ___ in children, and ___ in adults
rickets, osteomalacia
181
Essential to discharge nasal irritants
Mucus
182
Splitting of glucose to form pyruvic acid
Glycolysis
183
Primary cause of heat stroke
dehydration
184
Recommended Dietary Allowance of fibers a day.
38g/day (men)
25g/day (women)
185
Specific amino acids spontaneously fold into particular shapes
Protein folding
186
Two types of Amino Acids
Essential and Non-essential AA
