midterms Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
they sought to describe self as the essential qualities that compose a person’s uniqueness
A
Philosophers
2
Q
self as a product of social interactions, developed overtime through social activities and experiences
A
Sociology
3
Q
self as a culturally shaped construct or idea. it is an autonomous participant in the society as it is submerged in society.
A
Anthropology
4
Q
- self as having characteristics or properties that can be used against it
- self is related to its physical and social environment
A
Psychology
5
Q
world is an artifact
-the self possess an internal distinction from external environment
A
western myth
6
Q
world is a drama
-self is seen through the eyes of a community rather than a detached,
A
Eastern myth
7
Q
“The pursuit of knowledge for its own sake”
A
Philosophy
8
Q
“I know that I don’t know”
A
Socrates
9
Q
unexamined life is not worth living
A
Socrates
10
Q
soul first before man’s body
A
Socrates
11
Q
an idea was tested by asking a series of questions
A
Socratic method
12
Q
soul is immortal
A
Socrates
13
Q
Virtuous man is a happy man
A
Socrates
14
Q
body is a slave of soul—master
A
Socrates
15
Q
“Balance between the mind and body”
A
Plato
16
Q
his philosophical method is “collection and division”
A
Plato
17
Q
the changing body/ material self is only a replica of our true self
A
Plato
18
Q
Theory of forms
A
- ideal world/ world of forms (the permanent, unchanging reality)
- material world (keeps on changing)
19
Q
we continue to exist even in the absence of our bodies because we are souls only
A
Plato
20
Q
(sensual)- enjoys sensual experiences
A
Appetitive
21
Q
(reasoning)- forbids sensual, loves truth
A
Rational
22
Q
(feeling)- inclined towards reason but understand the demands of passion; loves honor and victory
A
Spirited
23
Q
“All knowledge leads to God”
A
St. Augustine
24
Q
adopted Plato’s view that the self is an immaterial (but rational) soul
A
St. Augustine
25
soul held the truth, capable of critical thinking
St. Augustine
26
Human being is both soul and body, and the body possessed senses (imagination, memory, reason and mind) through which the soul experienced the world
St. Augustine
27
the aspects of self, according to St. Augustine are:
- it is able to be aware of itself
- It recognizes itself as a holistic one
- It is aware of its unity
28
“I think, therefore I am”
Rene Descartes
29
reason based on observational and empirical evidence
Rene Descartes
30
doubt as a principal tool of disciplined inquiry
Rene Descartes
31
sometimes called methodological skepticism. It is a systemic process of being skeptical about the truth of one’s beliefs in order to determine which beliefs could be ascertained as true.
hyperbolical/metaphysical doubt
32
is reason rather than experience is the foundation of all knowledge
Rationalism
33
by doubting his own existence, he proved that there is a thinking entity that is doing the act of doubting
Descartes
34
claim about self is that it is constant; not prone to change and it is not affected by time
Descartes
35
claim about self is that only the immaterial soul remains the same throughout time
Descartes
36
claim about self is that the immaterial soul is the source of identity
Descartes
37
“Human mind at birth is a tabula rasa”
John Locke
38
knowledge is derived from experience
Locke
39
if Descartes self is thinking thing, then he included memories into that thinking thing, to define self
Locke
40
consciousness and this self consist of sameness with consciousness
Locke
41
According to him, self consist of memory
Locke
42
a theory that a person can only be held accountable for behaviors he/ she remembers
Theory of personal accountability
43
“all knowledge is derived from senses”
David Hume
44
an idea that origin of all knowledge is sense experience.
Empiricism
45
self as a bundle or a collection of different perceptions that are moving in a very fast and successive manner; therefore, it is in a “perpetual flux”
Bundle Theory
46
According to him, self is merely made up of successive impressions
Hume
47
things perceived by senses as we experience them (direct)
Impression
48
less forcibly; things we create in our mind based on the previously perceived impression
Ideas
49
He stated there is no permanent and unchanging self. “I” will be constantly changing
Hume
50
He said that there is no self; “self” is a passive observer
Hume
51
“all knowledge begins with senses then understanding then reason. reason is the final authority of morality”
Immanuel Kant
52
He views “self” as transcendental, that the self is related to a spiritual or non-physical realm
Kant
53
he stated:
“self” is not in the body but the body and it’s qualities are rooted to the “self”
- Knowledge, the bridge of ‘self’ and material things
Kant
54
According to him, what truly exist is your ideas and knowledge of your ideas
Kant
55
the “self” which you are aware of alterations in your own state. These are your rational intellect and your psychological state such as moods, feelings, pleasure, pain and sensation
Inner self
56
the common boundary between inner self and outside world. It gathers information from the outside world through senses.
Outer self
57
man is capable of making decisions for himself because he is a freeman, gifted with reason and free will which is tested with his decision to be moral
Kant
58
“Wish fulfillment is the road to unconscious”
Sigmund Freud
59
the totality of the human mind, both conscious and unconscious.
Psyche
60
it deals with awareness of present perceptions, feelings, thoughts, memories, and fantasies
Conscious
61
data that can be brought to consciousness
Preconscious/ subconscious
62
data retained but not easily available to consciousness
Unconscious
63
the personality theory based on the notion that an individual gets motivated by unseen forces, controlled by the conscious and rational thoughts.
Psychoanalytic theory
64
pleasure principle. Every wishful impulse should be satisfied immediately, regardless of the consequence
ID
65
reality principle. It works out realistic ways to satisfy ID’s demands. It considers social realities, etiquettes, norms and rules.
EGO
66
incorporates the values and morals of society. strives for perfection.
Superego
67
“I act therefore, I am”
Gilbert Ryle
68
he rejected the notion that mental states are separable from physical states
Ryle
69
- the relation between mind and body are not isolated processes
- mental process are intelligent acts, and are not distinct from each other
- the operation of mind is itself an intelligent act
Ryle
70
He described this distinction between mind and body as “dogma of the ghost in the machine” where he explained there is no hidden identity or ghost called soul inside a machine called body
Ryle
71
He stated that: your actions define your own concept of self
Ryle
72
“The physical brain and not the imaginary mind gives us our sense of self”
Paul Churchland
73
known for neurophilosophy. his philosophy stands on materialistic view
Churchland
74
people's common sense of understanding of the mind (folk psychology) is false, and that certain classes of mental states which most people believe in do not exist.
Eliminative materialism
75
According to him, “self’ originated from the brain itself and is a product of electrochemical signals produced by the brain
Churchland
76
“the physical body is an important part of self”
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
77
body as the primary site of knowing the world
Ponty
78
self is an embodied subjectivity - an entity possesses conscious experience.
Ponty
79
According to her, body acts what the mind perceives as a unified one
Ponty
80
He suggests that our subjective experience shapes what we consider beautiful
St. Augustine
81
objects are considered beautiful not
because of their own inherent qualities, but because they reflect a perfect idea of beauty that exists in an abstract realm.
Plato
82
order, symmetry, and definiteness that can be demonstrated by mathematical science.
Aristotle
83
beauty was associated with pleasure as a personal preference.
Beauty is Subjective
84
-exist merely in the mind
- each mind perceives a different beauty
- Beauty exists in the mind of the observer,
David Hume
85
- Respect for differing opinions on beauty is essential, as there is no universal standard that dictates what is beautiful.
David Hume
86
Critique of Judgment
- Taste is tied to individual experience and perception. It reflects personal emotions and attitudes rather than universal or logical criteria.
Immanuel Kant
87
the perception of beauty does depend on the external sense of sight
Francis Hutcheson
88
according to him, The perception of beauty involves an internal, reflective process where we interpret and evaluate the sensory data based on personal experiences and emotions.
Francis Hutcheson
89
error in reasoning, evaluating, remembering or any other mental process
Cognitive Bias
90
“what is beautiful is
good” principle.
Halo Effect
91
it is how one thinks about towards one’s body
Body image
92
It is the number of successes a person achieves in the domain of life.
- how you value yourself and how you feel others value you.
Self-esteem
93
is the degree to which a person’s physical traits are considered pleasing or beautiful
Beauty
94
use up, to spend wastefully, to destroy
Consumption
95
Behind consumption there is _________. consumers keep company alive
Production
96
it is about practicing buying habits regardless of price and relevance.
Conscious consumption
97
consumption has become an addiction. people’s attached to buying something.
Psychological/ sociological consumption
98
He views consumer culture as a symbolic idea. it’s an image we build for ourselves through social interaction
Mach
99
According to him, consumer culture is a social category defined by membership rules, characteristic attributes, or expected behavior. It is a socialite feature an individual takes pride in having.
Erik Erickson
100
what is consumer culture according to slater...
- Consumer culture is a culture of consumption
- Consumer culture is the culture of market society
- Consumer culture is universal and impersonal
- Consumer culture identifies freedom with private choices and life
- Consumer needs are insatiable and unlimited.
- Consumer culture is a privileged medium for building personal identity and status.
101
is the strongest force affecting people’s lives, especially their behavior and thinking process.
Consumerism
102
is considered “fundamental” sex because if a particular chemical prompting is absent, all fertilized eggs will develop into females.
Female sex
103
for a fertilized egg to become male, a
cascade of chemical reaction must be present initiated by a single gene in the male chromosome called
SRY (sex-determining region of the Y chromosome)
104
is the stage of development at which individuals become sexually mature
Puberty
105
areas of the body that are highly sensitive to stimuli
EROGENOUS ZONE
106
the primary erotic stimulus
Skin
107
usually haired skin; dermal-nerve network and hair follicle network; exaggerated form of tickle
nonspecific
108
mucocutaneous regions—mucous membrane and cutaneous skin; genital regions:
Specific type
109
Foreskin; skin covering at the tip of penis
Prepuce
110
male erectile organ of copulation
Penis
111
small, sensitive, and located in front of the opening of the vagina.
clitoris
112
fleshy lips around the vagina. these are the outer folds of the vulva
Labia majora
113
Female External Genitalia
Vulva
114
inner lips, inner labia, vaginal lips or nymphae are two flaps of skin situated between the labia majora.
Labia minora
115
opening that leads to vaginal canal
Vaginal introitus
116
is a membrane that surrounds or partially covers the external vaginal opening
Hymen
117
surrounding the anus
Perianal skin
118
can be erogenous zone when used in kissing and any other acts of intimacy
Lips
119
raised region of tissue on the surface of the breast
Nipples
120
they proposed sexual response cycle
William masters and Virginia Johnson
121
sequence of physical and emotional occurrences when the person is participating in a sexually stimulating activity
sexual response cycle
122
sexual response cycle
1. Excitement - starting point
2. Plateau - intensified
3. Orgasm - forceful release
4. Resolution - returns to normal
123
(EROTIC PASSION)- physical attraction; testosterone in men and estrogen in women.
Lust
124
(ROMANTIC PASSION)- crave for your partner’s presence; feel excitement and energetic
Attraction
125
cause obsessive thinking
serotonin
126
motivation and goal; sense of novelty
dopamine
127
extra surge of energy
Noripinephrine
128
(COMMITMENT)- desire to have a lasting commitment with your
significant other
Attachment
129
is typically viewed as an interest in sexual objects or activities
Sexual desire
130
biologically mediated motivation to seek sexual activity or sexual gratification; not dependent on hormonal factors
Sexual drive
131
Gender differences on sexual desire
factors that influence the notable gender differences on sexual desire include:
culture
social environment
political situations
132
limbic system structure that is a center of emotions
Amygdala
133
structure in the limbic system that is a pleasure center
Nucleus accumbens
134
person’s emotional and erotic attraction toward another individual.
Sexual orientation
135
refers to one’s sense of being female or male.
Gender identity
136
wide spectrum of gender identities, sexual orientation, and romantic orientations
LGBTQ+
137
-reveal oneself to others in a believable manner
- self that is constructed online
Digital self
138
he analyzed that the “self” and its relationship with others can be distinguished as sincerity and authenticity.
Leonel Trilling
139
in digital self, it refers to the exposure in public of what one feels privately.
Sincerity
140
In digital self, a person who takes action based on some internal standard and takes responsibility for this freely chosen action
Authenticity
141
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
others cannot see the online user’s overt attributes
Oriented inward
142
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
online users will only come to know the person primarily through what that person tells them
Narrative in nature
143
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
others are unable to link the online self-claims to offline identities.
Retractable
144
it is one of the characteristics of digital self;
people can interact with one another in different domains
Multipliable
145
people are able to present themselves online in the manner that they want to (superficial)
Self-presentation
146
any behavior intended to create, modify, or maintain an impression of ourselves in the minds of others
Selective self-presentation
147
- attempt to control or influence any other people’s perceptions
Impression management
148
an impression management that its motive is to basically gain rewards and increase one’s self-esteem
instrument
149
an impression management that its motivation about attempting to be in control of one’s personal behavior and identity.
expressive
150
a person actively says things or takes action to show his or her competence to an audience.
Self-promotion
151
someone tries to win the approval or acceptance of another
Ingratiation
152
strategic self-sacrifice so that observers may recognize the dedication.
Exemplification
153
showing off authority, power in order to be seen by observers as someone who could be or is dangerous.
Intimidation
154
individual exploits his/her weakness or shortcomings to receive help of benefits
Supplication
155
refers to mental events in a person that are inherently unobservable by others.
private
156
behaviors that are open to the observation of other people.
Public
157
is a concept you develop about yourself that evolves over the course of your life.
Personal identity
158
is a person’s sense of who he/she is based on group membership/s.
Social identity
159
is an important bio-psycho- social development.
development of sexuality
