Midterms Flashcards
(65 cards)
Historical Highlights In Research Ethics
- Nuremberg 1947
- Tuskegee Study 1972
- Milgram Obedience Study 1963
Brutal experiments performed on the prisoners in wherein a
variety of sadistic medical experiments were conducted
on “unwilling participants”.
Nazi Camps during WWII
➔ a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment
of human participants in research
Nuremberg Code
➔ A newspaper report exposed a Public Health
Service Study
➔ nearly 400 men have been left to suffer with
syphilis long after penicillin cure was
available
Tuskegee Study in 1972
Similar examples of questionable treatment of human
participants have been found in behavioral research,
the most commonly-cited is the
Milgram Obedience Study in 1963
In 1979, the National commission for the Protection of
Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral
Research published the which
summarizes three basic Principles
The Belmont Report
➔ requires that individuals should consent to
participate in studies and those who cannot
give their consent, such as children, people
with diminished abilities and prisoners, need
to be protected.
Principle of Respect for Persons
➔ Requires that researchers not harm the
participants, minimize risks, and maximize
possible benefits.
Principle of beneficence
➔ Requires fairness in procedures.
Principle of Justice
➔ concerns the responsibility of researchers to be
honest and respectful to all individuals who
are affected by their research studies or their
reports of the studies’ results.
Research Ethics
Responsibility to ensure the welfare and dignity of
the individuals, both human and non-human, who
participate in the research studies;
Ethical Responsibility
➔ the explicit effort of a research to falsify or
misrepresent data
Fraud
➔ a repetition of a research study using the same
basic procedures used in the original.
Replication
➔ the unethical representation of someone else’s
ideas or words as one own views.
Plagiarism
➔ The researcher is obligated to protect
participants from physical or psychological
harm.
Do No Harm
➔ Human participants should be given complete
information about research and their roles in it
before agreeing to participate.
Informed Consent
requires the investigator to provide all
available information about a study so that an
individual can make a rational, informal
decision to participate in the study
Principle of Informed Consent
➔ Occurs when a researcher purposely withholds
information or misleads participants with
regard to information about a study.
Deception
★ The withholding of
information; the researcher
intentionally does not tell participants
some information about the study
Passive Deception (Omission)
★ The presenting of misinformation
about the study to participants.
★ The most common form is misleading the
participants about the specific purpose
of the study.
Active Deception (Commission)
➔ A post-experimental explanation of the
purpose of a study that is given to a
participant, especially if deception was used.
Debriefing
➔ The practice of keeping strictly secret and
private the information or measurements
obtained from an individual during a research
study.
Confidentiality
★ The practice of ensuring that an
individual’s name is not directly
associated with the information or
measurements obtained from that
individual.
Anonymity
➔ Observation not made on people directly but
using available records.
➔ Data obtained from public records and used as
evidence
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