Midterms Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
complete infectious virus particle; may be identical to the nucleocapsid; more complex virions include the nucleocapsid + envelope
A
Virion
2
Q
smallest infectious agents causing diseases in plants
A
Viroids
3
Q
protein shell enclosing the nucleic acid core
A
Capsid
4
Q
morphologic units seen on the surfaces of icosahedral virus particles representing clusters of structure units.
A
Capsomeres
5
Q
capsid together with the nucleic acid
A
Nucleocapsid
6
Q
capsomeres are morphological units seen on what shape of virus?
A
icosahedral
7
Q
outer coat of some viruses. Acquired as they penetrate or are budded from the nuclear or cytoplasmic membrane; Always contains altered host-cell membrane components.
A
Envelope
8
Q
morphologic units composed of structural units embedded in the envelope
A
Peplomers
8
Q
viruses that infect bacterial cells.
A
Bacteriophages
9
Q
general term to describe situations where mixed infections result in enhanced yields of one or both viruses in the mixture.
A
Complementation
10
Q
mechanism by w/c a particular base sequence in mRNA produces specific amino acid sequence in a protein
A
Translation
10
Q
specific information encoded in a nucleic acid chain is transferred to mRNA
A
Transcription
11
Q
viruses that cannot reproduce on their own nucleic acid and virions are non-infectious.
A
Satellite Virus
11
Q
functionally deficient particles in some aspect of replication and may interfere with the replication of normal viruses.
A
Defective Virus
12
Q
required by certain defective closely related viruses to replicate
A
Helper Virus
13
Q
They require a helper virus for transmission and multiplication.
A
Satellite Virus
13
Q
at what year did ivanovsky identified TMV?
A
1892
14
Q
who first identified Tobacco Mosaic virus?
A
Ivanovsky
14
Q
who discovered FMD? and when?
A
Loeffler and Frosch
15
Q
What did Remlinger & Riffat-Bay discovered in 1903
A
Rabies virus
15
Q
what did Sanarelli discovered in 1898?
A
myxoma virus
16
Q
which animal is Myxoma virus common?
A
Rabbit
17
Q
what did Carre discovered in 1905?
A
Canine distemper virus
17
Q
At what year did Loeffler and Frosch discovered FMD?
A
1898
18
what did Nicolle & Adil-Bey discovered in 1902?
Rinderpest Virus
19
Rous sarcoma virus is also the first-
Tumor virus
19
what did Rous discovered in 1911?
Rous sarcoma virus
20
what did Kausche, Ankuch, and Ruska discovered in 1938?
First electron microscopy pictures - Tobacco Mosaic virus (TMV)
20
what did Doyle discovered in 1927?
Newcastle Disease virus
21
what did Sanford, Earle, and Likely discovered in 1948?
Culture of isolated mammalian cells
21
what did the World Health Organization discovered in 1979?
Smallpox eradicated
22
what did Becker isolated in 1961?
avian influenza virus from wild bird reservoir
22
what did Isaacs and Lindemann discovered in 1957?
Discovery of interferon
22
True or false. Certain members of bacterial genera are unable to replicate inside a host cell
false
23
what happened in 2008?
Development of molecular tools and computer software for next generation sequencing and metagenomic analyses
23
what happened in 2002?
Severe acute respiratory outbreak
24
True or false. All Viruses are Obligate Intracellular Parasites
True
24
True or false. All Viruses are filterable agents that cannot be cultivated on artificial media
True
24
what did the World Organization of Animal Health discovered in 2011?
global eradication of rinderpest
25
True or false. Viruses utilizes host’s cells for replication
true
25
what happened in 2012?
Recognition of middle east respiratory syndrome
26
True or false. Reverse Transcriptase converts DNA to RNA
false
26
True or false. Viruses Carries both types of nucleic acid (DNA/RNA)
false
27
which classification of virus that can be inactivated by organic solvents?
enveloped viruses
28
It is the major type of protein present on the exterior of membrane of enveloped viruses.
Glycoprotein
29
In classifying viruses. what is the suffix for viruses in "order"
virales
29
envelope of viruses are made up of?
lipids
30
it is a class of viruses that cannot be inactivated by organic solvents
nonenveloped viruses
31
Two main classification system of virus
ICTV and Baltimore
32
In classifying viruses. what is the suffix for viruses in "subfamily"
(-virinae)
32
In classifying viruses. what is the suffix for viruses in "family"
viridae
33
In classifying viruses. what is the suffix for viruses in "species"
none
34
In classifying viruses. what is the suffix for viruses in "genus"
virus
34
what family of viruses are in "PAIHAPP"
Poxviridae
Asfarviridae
iridoviridae
Herpesviridae
Adenoviridae
Papillomaviridae
Polyomaviridae
35
which group of viruses is "PAIHAPP"?
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
36
which group does poxviridae belong?
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
37
True or false. iridoviridae is a single stranded DNA (ssDNA)
false (dsDNA)
37
which group does asfarviridae belong?
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
38
True or false. herpesviridae is a single stranded DNA (ssDNA)
false
39
True or false. adenoviridae is a doublestranded DNA (dsDNA)
true
40
True or false. papillomaviridae is a double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
true
41
which group is polyomaviridae
Double stranded DNA (dsDNA)
42
true or false. Parvoviridae is part of "PAIHAPP"
false
43
True or false. The three family of viruses belonging in ssDNA are Reoviridae, Coronaviridae & Anelloviridae
false
44
It is the only family of virus that has a dsRNA
Reoviridae
45
CAPCATF stands for?
Coronaviridae
Arteriviridae
Picornaviridae
Caliciviridae
Astroviridae
Togaviridae
Flaviviridae
46
"CAPCATF" belongs to this group of viruses
+single stranded RNA
47
True or false. Arenaviridae is part of "CAPCATF" that has +ssRNA
false
48
Choose the best answer. Paramyxoviridae is part of "CAPCATF". Paramyxociridae has -ssRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
49
Choose the best answer. Coronaviridae has a ssDNA. Coronaviridae and Bornaviridae have the same sense and strand of nucleic acid
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
d. Both statements are false
50
Choose the best answer. Astroviridae has a negative single stranded RNA. Filoviridae has a negative sense single stranded RNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
51
Choose the best answer. Bunyaviridae has a -ssRNA. Bunyaviridae is Jonathan
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true.
52
Choose the best answer.Bunyaviridae has a +ssRNA. Papillomaviridae and Polyomaviridae have a double stranded DNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
53
Choose the best answer. Reoviridae contains a dsRNA. Reoviridae contains a
-ssRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
53
Choose the best answer. DNA (single/double) stranded viruses have positive or negative strands. RNA (single/double) stranded viruses do not have positive or negative sense strands
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
d. Both statements are false
54
Choose the best answer. Arenaviridae has a -ssRNA. Retroviridae has +ssRNA but has reverse transcriptase
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true.
55
Choose the best answer. Retroviridae and Hepadnaviridae both have reverse transcriptase. Hepadnaviridae has a +ssRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
56
Choose the best answer. Togaviridae has reverse transcriptase. Hepadnaviridae has reverse transcriptase but is dsDNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
57
Choose the best answer. Orthomyxoviridae & Caliciviridae belong to the same group. Orthomyxoviridae & Caliciviridae do not belong to the same group
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
58
Choose the best answer. Rhabdoviridae & Arteriviridae do not belong to the same group. Arteriviridae and astroviridae do not belong to the same group
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
59
Choose the best answer. Coronaviridae & Paramyxoviridae belong to the same group. Picornaviridae and Polyomaviridae have the same nucleic acid
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
d. Both statements are false
60
Choose the best answer. Herpesviridae and Adenoviridae belong to the same group. Poxviridae and Asfarviridae belong to the same group
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true.
61
Choose the best answer. Papillomaviridae & Polyomaviridae do not belong to the same group. Parvoviridae and Circoviridae belong to the same group
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
Second statement is true. First statement is false
62
Choose the best answer. Parvoviridae, Circoviridae & Adenoviridae belong to the same group. Anelloviridae belong to the same group as parvoviridae and circoviridae
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
Second statement is true. First statement is false
63
Choose the best answer. Reoviridae has a ssRNA. Reoviridae has a dsRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
64
Choose the best answer. Coronaviridae has a +ssRNA. Arteriviridae has a -ssRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
65
Choose the best answer. There are 7 families belongs to viruses that have +ssRNA. There are 8 families that belongs to viruses that have +ssRNA
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
66
Choose the best answer. Picornaviridae & Flaviviridae have +ssRNA. Filoviridae & Arenaviridae have +ssRNA.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
67
Choose the best answer. Astroviridae & Togaviridae have -ssRNA. Flaviviridae have +ssRNA.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
68
Choose the best answer. Paramyxoviridae has a -ssRNA. Rhabdoviridae & Filoviridae has a dsRNA.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
69
Choose the best answer. Bornaviridae & Orthomyxoviridae belong to the same group as Bunyaviridae & Arenaviridae. Bunyaviridae is a -ssDNA.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
70
Choose the best answer. Arenaviridae has a -ssRNA. Reoviridae has dsRNA.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
c. Both statements are true.
71
Choose the best answer. Retroviridae has
-ssRNA and Reverse Transcriptase. Hepadnaviridae has ssDNA and Reverse Transcriptase.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
d. Both statements are false
72
Choose the best answer. Hepadnaviridae has dsDNA and Reverse Transcriptase. Retroviridae and Hepadnaviridae have the same nucleic acid
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
73
Choose the best answer. Both Hepadnaviridae & Retroviridae do not have reverse transcriptase. Both Hepadnaviridae & Retroviridae have reverse transcriptase.
a. First statement is true. second statement is false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
c. Both statements are true.
d. Both statements are false
b. Second statement is true. First statement is false
74
the time between the penetration of the virus particle into the host cell and the production of the first new virus particle
Eclipse Period
75
used as a quantitative or relative measure of the pathogenicity of the infecting virus (pathogenic or non-pathogenic)
Virulence
76
True or false. For viruses to cause disease they don't need to infect the host cell
False
77
True or false. For viruses to cause disease they need to spread within the host
true
78
True or false. Viruses does not need to damage target tissues in order to cause disease
false
79
True or false. Virus propagation can be taken up by another host or a vector
true
80
True or false. Viruses can be passed congenitally from mother to offspring
true
81
True or false. All viruses have the same virulence
False
82
Determinants of host resistance/susceptibility are __?
multifactorial
83
True or false. Application of molecular technologies has allowed the mapping of pathogenic determinants in the genome of many viruses
(ex.: whole-genomic sequencing) and resistance/susceptibility determinants in the genome of experimental animals.
false
84
True or false. Rate/yield of virus replication, Lethal Dose, Infectious dose, and Number of infected cells in an organ are example of quantitative virus strain differences
True
85
True or false. Organ or tissue tropism, Extent of host-cell damage, Mode and efficacy of spread in the body and character of the disease induce are all example of qualitvative virus strain differences.
True
86
the dose of the virus required to cause death in 50% of animals
LD50 or lethal dose 50
87
ratio of the dose of a virus that causes infection in 50% of individuals
ID50 or infectious dose 50
88
True or false. For virulent strain of ectromelia virus, resistant C57BL/6 mice were injected with a LD50 that was killed only by 5 virions
False
89
This identified the role of potential determinants of virulence
Genetic sequence comparison
90
True or false. Viral infections tend to be less pathogenic in their natural host species than in exotic or introduced species
True
91
True or false. myxoma virus is benign in its natural host such as European rabbits but causes fatal generalized infection in wild rabbits of america
False
92
True or false. Some zoonotic infections are severe in humans but mild or subclinical in their reservoir animal hosts
True
93
the fundamental determinant of host resistance/susceptibility to particular virus
Expression of critical receptors
94
Receptors of viruses that have wide host range
More conserved or ubiquitous receptors
95
two receptors of Rabies virus that have wide host range but only infect myocytes, neurons, and salivary gland epithelium
sialylated gangliosides and acetylcholine receptor
96
True or false. Changes in viral attachments causes emergence of variant viruses with different tropism and disease potential
True
97
porcine respiratory coronavirus arose from?
transmissible gastroenteritis virus
98
True or false. Porcine respiratory coronavirus was originally an enteric virus
true
99
due to this it changed the tropism and transmissibility of the virus
substantial deletion
100
True or false. Virus can enter via ingestion
True
101
True or false. Viruses can enter via inhalation
True
102
True or false. Viruses can enter via contact to the skin
True
103
True or false. Viruses cannot enter via genital tract or the eyes.
false
104
Fill in the blank. ____ protects the respiratory tract; consists of a layer of mucus produced by ____
Mucociliary blanket, goblet cells
105
True or false. smaller particles (<5 um) are more commonly trapped on the mucociliary blanket lining nasal cavity and airways
false
106
True or false. Larger particles (>10 um) when inhaled, are eventually ingested by alveolar macrophages
false
107
two mechanisms that protect the Respiratory system
innate and adaptive immune mechanisms
108
What are the 5 defenses protecting the GI tract?
1. Acidity of stomach
2. Layer of mucus
3. Antimicrobial activity of digestive enzymes
4. Bile and pancreatic secretions
5. Innate and adaptive immune mechanisms
109
True or false. Specialized M cells that overlie intestinal lymphoid aggregates (Peyer’s patches) are one of the first sites to be infected by enteric viruses
True
110
True or false. Epithelial cells lining the GI mucosa are one of the first sites to be infected by enteric viruses
True
111
Viruses that cause purely enteric infection are more commonly resistant to?
acid and bile
112
These viruses have dsDNA wherein infection can remain confined to the skin
Papillomarviruses
113
Are viruses that are both transmitted and replicate in arthropod vectors
Arboviruses
114
These are vectors that can only carry or transmit the virus
mechanical vectors
115
These are vectors that can both transmit and replicate the virus
biological vectors
116
Introduction of virus by skin penetration that is a result of veterinary or husbandry procedures
Iatrogenic
117
term for virus contaminated inanimate objects
fomites
118
is a viral disease caused by fomites such as contaminated needles, twitches, ropes and harnesses in horses
Equine infectious anema
119
These are two viruses that is iatrogenically transmitted via ear tagging and tattooing
Orf virus and papillomavirus
120
These viruses can enter thru conjunctiva
Adenoviruses and enteroviruses
121
Adenoviruses have a dsDNA. True or false?
True
122
transmission of virus via sexual activity
venereal transmission
123
two example of viruses that can spread thru genital tract
herpesviruses and papillomaviruses
124
True or false. Canine distemper virus infection infection has a nature of viral spread that only spreads locally.
False
125
True or false. Canine parainfluenza virus has a nature of viral spread that spreads thru the bloodstream (Viremia)
False
126
True or false. one of the challenges to the virus during multisystemic spread is that there are only few opportunities to disrupt the infection cycle
false
127
True or false. one of the challenges to the virus during multisystemic spread is that it needs to infect multiple cell types
true
128
True or false. one of the challenges to the virus during multisystemic spread is it doesn't need to balance cytopathic effects
false
129
True or false. one of the challenges to the virus during multisystemic spread is some viruses may disseminate through lymph and bloodstream
true
130
True or false. Primary viremia occurs when Canine distemper gain entry and replicates in the respiratory tract
False
131
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for already 6 days, where do you think the viral infection will occur next?
Migrating mononuclear cells below epithelium of visceral organs and skin, and perivascular spaces in CNS
132
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for at least a day, where do you think the viral infection will occur next?
Bronchial lymph nodes
133
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for already 2 days, where do you think the viral infection will occur next?
Blood mononuclear cells
134
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for already 3 days, where do you think the viral infection will occur next?
Thymus, spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
135
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for already 10 days, where do you think the viral infection will occur next assuming there is no sign of recovery?
Brain and spinal cord (Acute encephalomyelitis)
135
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs that the disease have been occuring for already 5 days, where do you think the viral infection will occur next?
Migrating mononuclear cells below epithelium of visceral organs and skin, and perivascular spaces in CNS
136
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs of acute encephalomyelitis how many days do you think have passed since the viral infection?
20
137
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You see signs of acute encephalomyelitis, what is the next pathogenesis for the next 5 days?
Demyelination
138
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You suspect signs of demyelination, what is the next pathogenesis for the next 5 days?
Late demyelinating encephalomyelitis (fatal)
139
You are a vet that have a labrador retriever patient who is diagnosed with Canine Distemper. You suspect signs of Late demyelinating encephalomyelitis, what is the next pathogenesis?
Perivascular cuffs in CNS with recovery or leading to old dog encephalitis (?)
140
is the process where Erythrocytes may bind to infected cells that express these viral envelope proteins on the surface
Hemadsorption
141
Is the process where cell-free viruses may cross link RBCs to form aggregates
Hemagglutination
142
____. sites on cell surfaces are essential to virus adsorption
Proper receptor
143
These are viruses that have glycoproteins (hemagglutinin) necessary for binding with specific receptors that allows their entry to cells
Orthomyxoviruses
144
Are spherical inclusions in nerve cells that are a sign of rabies infection
Negri Bodies
145
Spherical inclusions in nerve cells often found in what cell of the cerebral cortex from postmortem brain samples of rabies victims
Purkinje cell
146
This Provides constant and relatively rapid protection
Innate Immunity
147
Develops only after exposure to a virus
Adaptive Immunity
148
Previous exposure not required to be activate
Innate Immunity
149
Type of immunity that uses T & B lymphocytes
Adaptive Immunity
149
cytokines made by lymphocytes
Interleukins
150
key family of cytokines
Interferons
151
small proteins affecting the behavior of other cells
cytokines
152
are key elements of antiviral resistance at the cellular level
Interferons
153
These protein hormones bind to the IFN- α receptor (IFNAR)
Type 1 interferon (IFN)
154
This type of interferon activates the signaling cascade resulting to induction of the interferon response genes in cells
Type 1 interferon (IFN)
155
A.K.A “immune interferon”
Type II interferon or IFN-𝛄
155
which type of Interferon is "IFN-λ"
Type III
156
cellular receptors that detects Pathogen-associated molecules patterns (PAMPs)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
157
class of PRRs that detects dsRNA
TLR3
158
bind ssRNA, detect RNA virus infections
TLR7 & TLR8
159
These are specialized lymphocytes that
lack an antigen-specific receptor
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
160
cells in a "state of stress" are detected and killed by this specialized lymphocyte
Natural Killer Cells (NK)
161
binding of NK cells to this protein provides a negative (inhibitory) signal for natural killer cell activation
class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins
162
4 Methods of Detection of Viruses
By Electron Microscopy
By isolation
Detection of viral antigens
Detection of viral nucleic acids
163
antibody found primarily in blood; first antibodies produced
IgM
164
antibody expressed almost exclusively as a cell surface molecule by naïve B cells
IgD
165
antibody that has very low conc. in blood and ECF; mediates allergic reactions
IgE
166
main antibody in secretions in respiratory, genital and GIT
IgA
167
principal class of Ab (Antibody) in blood and extracellular fluid
IgG
167
are terminally differentiated B lymphocytes that secretes antibodies during humoral immunity
plasma cells
168
This type of immunity is driven by 𝛂𝛃 T cell receptor expressing lymphocytes
Cell-mediated immunity
169
An antigen-detection test used for frozen tissue sections, cell “smears”, cultured cells, formalin-fixed tissues
Immunofluorescence Staining
170
Also called fluorescent antibody staining
Immunofluorescence Staining
171
This method for detecting viral antigen uses “tagging” of the antibody with a fluorochrome that absorbs ultraviolet light of a defined wavelength, but emits light at a higher wavelength
Immunofluorescence Staining
172
This method for detecting viral antigen is similar to IF staining but the "tag" is an enzyme that reacts with a substrate to produce a colored product (brown) that can be visualized in infected cells with a standard light microscope
Immunohistochemical (immunoperoxidase) Staining
173
enzyme used in Immunohistochemical Staining
horseradish peroxidase
174
Sample in Immunohistochemical Staining is usually __?
formalin-fixed
175
This viral antigen detecting method requires more than 24 hours to obtain results
Immunohistochemical (immunoperoxidase) Staining
176
This viral antigen detecting method is highly valuable especially in group settings (for herd status)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
177
This viral antigen detecting method have moderate sensitivity
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
178
refers to the migration of antigen or antigen-antibody complexes through a filter matrix or in a lateral flow format
Immunochromatography
179
This technique amplifies the DNA of virus
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
