MIDTERMS HAHAHAHAH Flashcards
(70 cards)
1
Q
- it is the name given to a teechnique which EXPLOITS the MAGNETIC PROPERTIES of certain nuclei
- provide useful information in qualitative and quantitative studies of medicinal agents and other organic compounds
A
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
2
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
____ with a strong, stable, homogenous field
A
MAGNET
3
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
____ surrounding the sample
A
COIL OF WIRE
4
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
method of SWEEPING THROUGH the spectrum
A
SWEEPING GENERATOR
5
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY
COMPONENTS
A
- Magnet
- Radiofrequency transmitter
- Radio receiver & detector
- Coil of wire surrounding the sample
- Cell compartment
- Sweeping generator
- Recorder
6
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SAMPLE/ANALYTE:
used in studying CRYSTALLINE, AMORPHOUS, and BIOLOGICAL SOLIDS
A
SOLID
7
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SAMPLE/ANALYTE:
organic compounds, biomolecules, and pharmaceuticals
A
LIQUID
8
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
must be FREE of ____ or ____
A
protons or H+
9
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENTS
A
- CCl4
- CS2
- CDCl3
10
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
one of the most common solvents for H and C NMR
A
CDCl3
Deuterated chloroform
11
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
TMS or the REFERENCE STANDARD
A
TETRAMETHYLSILANE
12
Q
NMR SPECTROSCOPY | COMPONENTS
SOLVENT:
required only for QUANTITATIVE NMR studies
A
INTERNAL STANDARD
13
Q
- A medical technique primarily used in radiology to VISUALIZE the structure and function of the body
- it provides much GREATER CONTRAST between the different soft tissues of the body than does computed tomography (CT scan), making it especially useful in nuerological, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and oncological imaging
A
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
14
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- measures the DIFFUSION of WATER MOLECULES in biological tissues
A
DIFFUSION MRI
15
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
DIFFUSION MRI:
* enables BRAIN MAPPING of fiber directions to examine the connectivity of different regions of the brain or to examine areas of NEURAL DEGENERATION (MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS) and demyelination in diseases
A
DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING
DTI
16
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
DIFFUSION MRI:
* is HIGHLY SENSITIVE to the changes occuring in the lesions following an ISCHEMIC STROKE
A
DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING
DWI
17
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- it is used to generate pictures of the ARTERIES in order to evaluate them for STENOSIS or ANEURYSM
A
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY
MRA
18
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY:
NARROWING of arteries
A
STENOSIS
19
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY:
BULGING in blood vessels
A
ANEURYSMS
20
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- It is used to measure the levels of DIFFERENT METABOLITES in body tissues
- this is used to diagnose certain METABOLIC DISORDERS, especially those affecting the brain, as well as to provide information on TUMOR metabolism
A
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY
MRS
21
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY:
is also known as
3
A
- in-vivo MRS
- MRS imaging
- volume selective NMR spectroscopy
22
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- measures signal changes in the brain that are due to changing NEURAL ACTIVITY
- Maps ACTIVE brain region during tasks
A
FUNCTIONAL MRI (fMRI)
23
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- it is utilized to specifically LOCATE TUMORS within the body in preparation for radiation therapy treatments
A
RADIATION THERAPY SIMULATION
24
Q
SPECIALIZED MRI
- type of MRI that is well-suited for “INTERVENTIONAL RADIOLOGY” where the images produced by the MRI scanner are used to guide MINIMALLY-INVASIVE PROCEDURES
- a SPECIALIZED GROWING SUBSET is that of INTRAOPERATIVE MRI in which the MRI is used in the surgical process
A
INTERVENTIONAL MRI
iMRI
25
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
INTERVENTIONAL MRI:
a **specialized growing subset** in which the MRI is used in the **SURGICAL process**
INTRAOPERATIVE MRI
26
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
* **ULTRASOUNDS beams** are focused on a tissue guided and controlled using **MR thermal imaging** and due to the significant **energy deposition at the focus**
* this can achieve precised **ABLATION** of **diseased tissue** and if not, to adapt the parameters to ensure effective treatment
* **NON-INVASIVE** alternative to surgery
MAGNETIC RESONANCE GUIDED FOCUSED ULTRASOUND
MRgFUS
27
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
MRgFUS:
**ULTRASOUND BEAMS** are guided and controlled using ____
MR thermal imaging
28
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
MRgFUS:
due to the significant ____, it can achieve precised **ABLATION** of diseased tissue
energy deposition at the focus
29
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
MRgFUS:
due to the significant **energy deposition at the focus**, this can achieve precised ____ of diseased tissue
ABLATION
30
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
* it is primarily a **RESEARCH TECHNIQUE** at present
* however, potential applications include **functional imaging** and **imaging of ORGANS poorly seen** on **IH MRI** (**lungs** and **bones**)
* **alternative CONTRAST agents** for patients who **CANNOT** tolerate **TRADITIONAL** MRI contrast
MULTINUCLEAR IMAGING
31
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
MULTINUCLEAR IMAGING:
**alternative contrast agents** for patients who ____
cannot tolerate traditional MRI contrast
32
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
* a **NEW TYPE** of contrast in MRI that allows **SPECIAL DATA ACQUISITION** and image processing, produces an **enhanced contrast magnitude image** very senstivie to **VENOUS BLOOD**, **HEMORRHAGE**, and **IRON STORAGE**
* it is used to **enhance** the **detection** and **diagnosis** of **TUMORS**, **VASCULAR** and **NEUROVASCULAR** diseases and also detects **TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES** that may not be diagnosed using other methods
SUSCEPTIBILITY WEIGHTED IMAGING
SWI
33
# **SPECIALIZED MRI**
SUSCEPTIBILITY WEIGHTED IMAGING:
**detects** ____ that may NOT be diagnosed using other methods
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURIES
34
# **NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE**
COMMON ISOTOPES
H¹
C¹³
N⁵
Pt¹⁹⁵
F¹⁹
35
# **NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE**
the **SPIN** of a nuceli is based on the nuclei's ____
charge & mass
36
# **NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE**
a nuclei with an ____ mass number possess **MECHANICAL SPIN**
ODD
37
# **NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE**
a nuclei with an ____ mass number **DO NOT** possess mechanical spin
EVEN
38
# **NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE**
only nuclei with ____ are **useful** in NMR studies
SPIN
39
# **MINIMUM FILL SPECIFICATIONS**
if the product weighs **< 60g or 60mL**, its net content should be
**NLT 90%** of the **labeled** amount
40
# **MINIMUM FILL SPECIFICATIONS**
if the product weighs **BETWEEN 60g or mL** and **150g or mL**, its net content should be
**NLT 95%** of the **labeled** amount
41
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
* ***Bacillus stearothermophilus***
* **autoclave**
* **121-130C**
* **15psi**
* **15-30mins**
MOIST HEAT
42
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**MOIST** HEAT
Bacillus stearothermophilus
43
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
* ***Bacillus subtilis***
* **oven**
* **glasswares**
DRY HEAT
44
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**MOIST** heat is used in
autoclave
45
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**DRY** HEAT
Bacillus subtilis
46
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**DRY** heat is used for
oven, glasswares
47
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
* ***Bacillus stearothermophilus***
* **HEAT-SENSITIVE** apparatus
* **PLASTIC** equipments
* **medical devices**
ETHYLENE OXIDE
48
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**ETHYLENE OXIDE**
Bacillus stearothermophilus
49
# **BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS**
**ETHYLENE OXIDE** is used for
heat-sensitive apparatus
plastic
medical devices
50
* also known as **CRUSHING strength**, **TENSILE strength** or **BREAKING strength**
* measures the **FORCE** required to **BREAK** a tablet
HARDNESS TEST
51
refers to the **resistance** of the tablet to **CHIPPING**, **ABRASION or BREAKAGE**, under conditions of storage, transportation, and handling before usage
HARDNESS
52
# **HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS**
compressible **SPRING**
STOKES-MONSANTO
53
# **HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS**
hard **PLIERS**
PFIZER
54
# **HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS**
**AIR PUMP**
STRONG-COBB
55
# **HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS**
**PLANTENTS**
**FULLY AUTOMATED**
SCHELEUNIGER
(heberlein)
56
# **HARDNESS TEST | INSTRUMENTS**
**SUSPENDED WEIGHT**
ERWEKA
57
* it is the ability to **WITHSTAND ABRASION** in packaging, handling, and shipping
FRIABILITY
58
**FRIABILITY** TEST SPECIFICATIONS:
**EXISTING** formulations
**NMT 1%** or from **0.5% - 1%**
59
**FRIABILITY** TEST SPECIFICATIONS:
**NEW** formulations
**NMT 0.8%**
60
# **FRIABILITY TEST**
if the weight is **> 650mg** per tablet
10 samples
61
# **FRIABILITY TEST**
if the weight is **≤ 650mg** per tablet
20 samples
62
# **FORMULA**
**FRIABILITY** TEST:
**% WEIGHT LOSS**
initial - final / initial x 100
63
used to ensure that **each tablet** contains the **proper AMOUNT of drug**
WEIGHT VARIATION
64
**WEIGHT VARIATION** SPECIFICATIONS
Criteria 1:
* **NMT 2** tabs should differ by **more than** the **%** weight variation
Criteria 2:
* **NO TABLET** differs by **more than DOUBLE** the **%** weight variation
| TWO CRITERIA MUST BE SATISFIED
65
# **FORMULA**
WEIGHT VARIATION
ave wt. x %wt variation = x
UCL = (ave wt) (x)
LCL = (ave wt) (x)
66
* involves **MECHANICAL BREAK UP** of compressed tablet into smaller granules upon ingestion
* **QUALITATIVE** test that measures the **TIME** required for a solid dosage form to disintegrate
DISINTEGRATION
67
**DISINTEGRATION** SPECIFICATION
6 tabs - if 1 or 2 fails, repeat +12
12 tabs - 15 out of 18 (NMT 3 tabs should fail)
68
# **FORMULA**
**BULK** density
wt. of sample / untapped
69
# **FORMULA**
**TAPPED** density
wt of sample / tapped
70
# **FORMULA**
**% COMPRESSIBILITY**
UNtapped - tapped / UNtapped x 100
