MIDTERMS: L2 - CARBOHYDRATES

Question 1

MOTF

1. Glucose - major energy source
2. Glycoprotein - storage form of energy in liver and muscles

Answer 1

1 true 2 false
2- glycogen

Glycoprotein - component of cell membranes

Question 2

MOTF

1. Linear structure of carbohydrates - haworth projection
2. Cyclic structure - fisher projection
3. Boat type conformation - chair conformation

Answer 2

1,2 false
3 true

1. Linear structure of carbohydrates - fisher projection
2. Cyclic structure - haworth projection

Question 3

Glucose and fructose -

Glucose and glucose -

Glucose and galactose -

Answer 3

Glucose and fructose - sucrose

Glucose and glucose - maltose

Glucose and galactose - lactose

Question 4

T OR F

Glucose, Fructose , and Lactose are Monosaccharides

Answer 4

F
Lactose - disaccharide
Galactose - mono

Question 5

More than 10 units of sugar molecule

Answer 5

Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen

Question 6

T OR F

Disaccharide belongs to oligosaccharides

Answer 6

True

Question 7

T OR F

Ribose, ribulose, and xylulose are monosaccharides that are pentoses

Answer 7

True

Question 8

MOTF

1. Aldose - functional group is aldehyde
2. Aldose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
3. Aldose - example is fructose

Answer 8

1 true
2,3 false

2 - carbonyl carbon at the end
3 - fructose is a ketose

Question 9

MOTF

1. Ketose - carbonyl carbon at any other position
2. Ketose - functional group is ketone

Answer 9

Both true

Question 10

Compounds that have the same chemical

formula

Answer 10

Isomers

Question 11

Isomers that differ in configuration around only
one specific carbon atom (except the carbonyl
carbon)

Answer 11

Epimers

Question 12

T OR F

ALL ISOMERS ARE EPIMERS

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T OR F

Glucose and galactose (differ only in
position of -OH in C4) - example of epimers

Answer 13

True

Question 14

Pairs of structures that are mirror images of each other

Answer 14

Enantiomers

Question 15

Unlike epimers, anomers can undergo

interconversion (from a to B, and vice versa) without energy expenditure or the need for enzymes, in a process called

Answer 15

mutarotation

Question 16

OH at below

Answer 16

Alpha

Question 17

OH above

Answer 17

Beta

Question 18

Enzyme begins digestion

in the mouth

Answer 18

Salivary amylase

Question 19

Enzyme present in small intestine for digestion

Answer 19

Pancreatic amylase

Question 20

T or F

Only Monosaccharides are absorbed

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Transporter - transfer glucose, galactose, sodium

Answer 21

SGLT-1

Question 22

Transfer fructose towards epithelial cells

Answer 22

GLUT-5

Question 23

Transfer all types of monosaccharides (glucose, galactose and fruc

Answer 23

GLUT-2

Question 24

MOTF

1. Transporters in luminal side - SGLT-1 and GLUT-5
2. GLUT-2 - transporter in basolateral side
3. GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from lumen to epithelial cells

Answer 24

1,2 true
3 false

3 - GLUT-2 - transport all monosachharides from epithelial cells to blood

Question 25

Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate, or lactate for production of energy.

Answer 25

Glycolysis

Question 26

Formation of Glu-6-phosphate from non carbohydrate source = Lactate, glycerol and amino acid

Answer 26

Gluconeogenesis

Question 27

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for energy

Answer 27

Glycogenolysis

Question 28

MOTF 1. Glycogenesis - Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage 2. Lipogenesis - Decomposition of fats 3. Lipolysis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Answer 28

1 true 2,3 false Lipolysis - Decomposition of fats Lipogenesis - Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids

Question 29

Identify if well fed state or fasting state 1. Glycolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis 3. Glycogenolysis 4. Glycogenesis 5. Lipogenesis

Answer 29

1. Well fed state 2. Fasting state 3. Fasting state 4. Well fed state 5. Well fed state

Question 30

2 hormones produced by pancreas and their action | opposes each other

Answer 30

Insulin and Glucagon

Question 31

If there is a high glucose level (after eating) | Beta-cells of the pancreas stimulated to release ______ into the blood

Answer 31

Insulin As an effect: Body cells will take up more glucose and Liver takes up glucose and stores it as glycogen

Question 32

Low blood glucose (due to skipping a meal): Alpha cells of the pancreas stimulated to release _____ into the blood

Answer 32

Glucagon As an effect: Liver breaks down glycogen and releases glucose into the blood TIP: BIAG Beta cells - Insulin Alpha cells - Glucagon

Question 33

MOTF 1. Epinephrine - produced in adrenal medulla 2. Cortisol - produce in adrenal cortex (zona fasciculata)

Answer 33

BOTH TRUE

Question 34

MOTF 1. Both GH and ACTH are produced in anterior pituitary gland 2. They increase blood glucose level

Answer 34

BOTH TRUE

Question 35

Produced in follicular cells of thyroid gland brought by the release of Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Answer 35

Thyroxine or t4

Question 36

- INHIBITORY HORMONE to Insulin, glucagon, growth hormone, and other endocrine hormones - Produced at Delta-cells of islets of Langerhans of the pancreas & GI cells

Answer 36

Somastostatin

Question 37

- Stimulate insulin release - Inhibit glucagon release - Lower blood glucose level - Secreted by enteroendocrine cells

Answer 37

INCRETINS Example: Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

Question 38

T OR F | Hypoglycemia - increase plasma glucose levels

Answer 38

False Hypoglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels Hyperglycemia - decrease plasma glucose levels

Question 39

T OR F | Hypoglycemia - caused by excessive alcohol consumption and hepatic dysfunction

Answer 39

True

Question 40

T or F Factors contributing to hyperglycemia include increased insulin secretion, increased glucose utilization & decreased glucose production

Answer 40

False Reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization & increased glucose production

Question 41

MOTF Type I DM - need insulin for survival Type II DM - impaired, normal, could lead to insulin required for control

Answer 41

Both true

Question 42

Normal glucose tolerance values: FPG - 2-h-PG - HbA1C -

Answer 42

FPG - <5.6mmol/L (100mg/dL) 2-h-PG - <7.8 mmol/L (140mg/dL) HbA1C - <5.6%

Question 43

Type of DM Due to autoimmune B-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency

Answer 43

Type I DM

Question 44

Type of DM Due to progressive loss of adequate B-cell insulin secretion frequently on the background of insulin resistance

Answer 44

Type II

Question 45

T OR F Type 1 and Type 2 DM are preceded by a phase of abnormal glucose homeostasis as a pathologic process progresses.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Insulin resistance related to pregnancy

Answer 46

GDM

Question 47

Activation of macrophage with release of IL-1 and TNF a

Answer 47

IFN Gamma

Question 48

Activation of autoantigen-specific T cytotoxic (CD8) cells

Answer 48

IL-2

Question 49

Activation of B lymphocytes to produce islet cells | antibodies and antiGAD 65 antibodies

Answer 49

IL-4

Question 50

T OR F | Hyperplasia of pancreas to compensate by the insulin resistance - occurs in type II DM

Answer 50

True

Question 51

Classical signs and symptoms of DM

Answer 51

1. Polyuria - Excessive urination 2. Polyphagia - Increased appetite 3. Polydipsia - Excessive thirst

Question 52

Criteria for the Diagnosis of Diabetes

Answer 52

FPG ≥ 126mg/dL (7.0mmol/L). 2-h PG ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L) - use of 75g anhydrous glucose A1C ≥ 6.5% (48mmol/mol) random plasma glucose ≥ 200mg/dL (11.1mmol/L)

Question 53

Criteria for defining Prediabetes

Answer 53

FPG 100mg/dL (5.6mmol/L) to 125mg/dL (6.9mmol/L) (IFG) 2-h PG during 75-g OGTT 140mg/dL (7.8mmol/L) to 199 mg/dL (11.0 mmol/L) (IGT) A1C 5.7-6.4% (39-47mmol/mol)

Question 54

Any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy

Answer 54

GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS