MIDTERMS: Parkinson's Disease Flashcards
(40 cards)
What are the cardinal features of Parkinson’s Disease (PD)?
Rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors, and postural instability.
Who first described Parkinson’s Disease and in what year?
James Parkinson in 1817, referring to it as “the shaking palsy.”
What is the most common form of Parkinson’s Disease?
Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease, affecting approximately 78% of patients.
How does the incidence of Parkinson’s Disease change with age?
Incidence increases dramatically with age, affecting more than 2% of the population older than 65.
What is the average age of onset for Parkinson’s Disease?
50 to 60 years.
Are men or women more frequently affected by Parkinson’s Disease?
Men are affected 1.2 to 1.5 times more frequently than women.
What are some identifiable causes of secondary parkinsonism?
Viruses, toxins, drugs, and tumors.
Name a group of drugs that can induce parkinsonian symptoms.Name a group of drugs that can induce parkinsonian symptoms.
Neuroleptic drugs, antidepressants, and antihypertensives.
Name two conditions included in parkinsonism-plus syndromes.
Progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal ganglionic degeneration.
What defines parkinsonism-plus syndromes?
A group of neurodegenerative diseases that produce parkinsonian symptoms along with additional neurological signs.
What is toxic parkinsonism, and who is at risk?
Toxic parkinsonism occurs in individuals exposed to environmental toxins, particularly manganese, which is a hazard for miners.
What is X-linked dystonia parkinsonism, also known as “Lubag Syndrome”?
A movement disorder first reported in 1975, affecting Filipino adult males, particularly those from the island of Panay.
What differentiates Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) from Parkinson’s Disease?
PSP features early onset of balance and eye movement abnormalities, faster progression, and minimal tremor
What are the key characteristics of Multiple System Atrophy (MSA)?
MSA is characterized by early autonomic dysfunction, cerebellar signs, and a lack of tremor.
In Corticobasal Degeneration (CBD), what symptoms may be present?
CBD presents with asymmetric rigidity, apraxia, dystonia, and cognitive decline.
What are the prominent features of Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)?
LBD is characterized by cognitive decline with parkinsonism, visual hallucinations, and fluctuations in consciousness.
How does Essential Tremor (ET) differ from Parkinson’s Disease?
ET involves postural and action tremors without bradykinesia or rigidity.
What is the primary pathophysiological change in Parkinson’s Disease?
Progressive degeneration of dopamine levels in the basal ganglia, particularly in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra.
How does dopamine influence movement in the context of Parkinson’s Disease?
Dopamine influences the encoding of movement that activates upper motor neurons to coordinate and smooth movements.
What are the hallmark symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease?
Rigidity, bradykinesia, tremors, and postural instability (typically in later stages).
Describe the primary motor symptoms associated with Parkinson’s Disease.
Primary motor symptoms include rigidity (cogwheel and lead pipe), bradykinesia, tremor (resting tremor), and postural instability.
What does Stage I of the Hoehn & Yahr classification indicate?
Stage I indicates minimal or absent symptoms, with unilateral involvement if present.
What are some secondary motor symptoms seen in Parkinson’s Disease?
Secondary motor symptoms include muscle performance issues, fatigue, and gait disturbances (freezing and festinating gait).
What is bradykinesia, and how does it manifest in Parkinson’s Disease?
Bradykinesia is slowness of movement characterized by reduced speed, range, and amplitude of movements, often leading to hypomimia (masked facial expression).
