Midterms Part2 Flashcards
(292 cards)
1
Q
attached alternately or in a spiral
along a stem with one leaf per node.
A
Alternate arrangement-
2
Q
two leaves attached at each node.
A
Opposite arrangement-
3
Q
- three or more leaves occur at a node
A
Whorled
4
Q
- arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet blade.
A
Venation
5
Q
one primary vein called the midvein which is included in a large midrib; secondary vein branch from the midvein.
A
Pinnately veined:
6
Q
several primary veins tan out of the base of the blade. They are more or less parallel to one another in monocots and diverge from one another in dicots.
A
Palmately veined:
7
Q
The branching arrangement of veins in dicots is called _______
A
netted or reticulate venation.
8
Q
In a few leaves (e.g. those of Gingko), no midvein or other large veins are present. Instead, they have ___________ (veins fork evenly and progressively from the base of the blade to the opposite margin).
A
dichotomous venation
9
Q
Three Regions
A
● Epidermis
● Mesophyll
● Veins (vascular bundles in roots and stems)
10
Q
True or false:
The photosynthetic tissue, called mesophyll, is often arranged into palisade and spongy layers.
A
True
11
Q
What does The photosynthetic tissue, called
A
mesophyll
12
Q
True or false:
Veins branch throughout the mesophyll.
A
True
13
Q
: single layer of cells covering the entire surface of the leaf.
A
Epidermis
14
Q
The lower surface of the blade can be distinguished from the upper epidermis by the presence of tiny pores called ____
A
stomata
15
Q
Wavy, undulating walls of epidermal cells often resemble pieces of a jigsaw puzzle fitted together. Except for ____
A
guard cells.
16
Q
True or false:
The upper epidermal cells for the most part contain chloroplasts, they function only in protecting delicate tissues to the interior.
A
False- do not contain
17
Q
waxy coating that’s normally present although it may not be visible with ordinary light microscopes without being specially stained.
A
Cutin (cuticle):
18
Q
: different types of these may also be present in the epidermis.
A
Glands
19
Q
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
A
Glands
20
Q
They occur in the form of depressions, protuberances, or appendages either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
A
Glands
21
Q
Glands occur in the form of ______, _________, ____________, either directly on the leaf surface or on the ends of hairs. They often secrete sticky substances.
A
depressions, protuberances, or appendages
22
Q
Glands often secrete ________
A
sticky substances.
23
Q
True or false:
Sunflower: 1-2 million of
these throughout its lower epidermis.
A
False-2 million
24
Q
Perforates the lower epidermis.
A
Stomata
25
two sausage- or dumbbell-shaped cells that are smaller than most of the neighboring epidermal cells.
Gourd cells
26
Inflate:
stomata are open.
27
- is where most of photosynthesis occurs. Located between two epidermal layers.
Mesophyll
28
Deflate: When water in the guard cells
decreases, what does it means?
stomata are close
29
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
30
True or false:
As the guard cells inflate or deflate with changes in the amount of water within the cells, their unique construction causes the stomata to open
True
31
Originate from the same parental cell.
● Part of the epidermis but unlike most of the other
cells of the epidermis, they contain chloroplast
Gourd cells
32
lower, loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air between them, contains numerous chloroplasts.
Spongy Mesophyll-
33
Deflate: stomata are close;
water in the guard cells
decreases.
34
uppermost, compactly stacked, barrel-shaped, post-shaped parenchyma cells that is commonly in two rows.
Palisade Mesophyll-
35
Gives the leaf its "skeleton".
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
36
Found in the outer parts of the stems of herbaceous plants as well as in leaves.
Parenchyma tissue with chloroplasts
37
Consist of xylem and phloem tissues surrounded
by a bundle sheath (jacket of thicker-walled
parenchyma cells)
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
38
Veins gives the leaf its "______"
skeleton
39
What does Phloem do to sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
Phloem transports sugars and other carbs
throughout the plant
40
What does xylem do throughout the plant?
xylem transports water.
41
Scattered throughout the mesophyll
Veins (Vascular Bundles)
42
- veins run in all directions
Dicots
43
- parallel veins, do not have the mesophyll differentiated into palisade and spongy layers.
Monocots
44
Thinner and have fewer well-defined mesophyll
layers and fewer chloroplasts.
● Do not have as many hairs.
Shade Leaves
45
Limited availability of water, wide temperature ranges, high light intensities developed adaptations of plants to allow the, to thrive.
Leaves of Arid Regions
46
Receive less total light needed for photosynthesis
Shade Leaves
47
Submerged leaves of plants that grow in water usually have considerably less xylem than phloem, and the mesophyll, not differentiated into palisade & spongy layers, has large air spaces.
Leaves of Aquatic Areas
48
Tend to be larger than their counterparts in the sun.
Shade Leaves
49
Many have thick, leathery leaves and fewer stomata, or stomata are sunken below the surface in special depressions-reduce water loss through transpiration
Leaves of Arid Regions
50
Sudden, rapid growth of cells on the opposite side and starts curling in the direction of contact within a minute or two when
you lightly stroke it.
Healthy tendrils
51
True or false:
As the tendrils develop, they become coiled like a spring
True
52
Collenchyma cells:
impart flexibility
53
Sclerenchyma cells:
provide rigid support.
54
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
55
: spinelike objects arising in the axils of
leaves of woody plants are modified stems rather
than modified leaves
Thorns
56
stipules at the bases of the leaves
that are modified as the short, paired spines.
Woody plants
57
cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Non-photosynthetic
58
Large, thin-walled parenchyma cells without chloroplasts to the interior or chlorenchyma tissue just beneath the epidermis. Non-photosynthetic cells contain large vacuoles that can store relatively substantial amounts of water
Storage Leaves
59
, an epiphyte, from Australasia, develop into urlike pouches that become the home of ant colonies.
Dischdia
60
True or false:
Ants carry in soil and add nitrogenous wastes, while moisture collects in the leaves through condensation of the water vapor coming from the mesophyll through stomata- good growing medium for roots.
True
61
Carpetweed Family- ice-cream cone-shaped leaves that are about 3.75 cm and are buried in the sand; only a dime sized wide end of the « leaf is exposed at the surface-covered with a relatively transparent, thick epidermis with a few stomata and waxy cuticle.
Window leave
62
The succulent leaves of air plants have little notches along the leaf margins in which tiny
plantlets are produced, complete with roots and leaves, even
after a leaf has been removed from the parent plant.
Reproductive leaves
63
Found at the base of flowers or flower stalks.
Floral leaves (bracts)
64
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
65
Almost 200 species of fidering plants are known to have these leaves.
● Insectivorous plants grow in swampy areas and bogs of tropical and temperate regions. Certain elements particularly nitrogen may be deficient in the soil, or they may be in the form not readily available to plants
Insect Trapping Leaves
66
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
67
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
68
Flattened, larger, cone-shaped vaselike, umbrella like flaps.
Pitcher Plants
69
Nectar- secreting glands:
give distinctive color.
70
Tiny, measuring 2.5 to 5.0 cm in diameter.
Sundews
71
Constructed along the line of old fashioned steep trap.
Venus Flytraps
72
Covered with up to 200 upright, glandular hairs that look like miniature clubs.
Sundews
73
Submerged and floating in the shallow water along the margins of lakes and streams, have finely dissected leaves with tiny bladders
Bladderworts
74
Four curled but stiff hair at one end of the trapdoor act as triggers when an insect touches one of them.
Bladderworts
75
The two halves of the blade have the appearance of being hinged along the midrib, with stiff, hairlike projections along their margins.
Venus Flytraps
76
Clear glistening drop of sticky fluid containing digestive enzymes at the tip of each hair.
Sundews
77
Three tiny trigger hairs on the inner surface of each half.
Venus Flytraps
78
The chloroplasts of mature leaves contain several groups of pigments, such as green chlorophylls and ____ which include yellow carotenes and pale yellow
carotenoids,
79
More chlorophyll than other pigments is present, and the intense green color of the chlorophylls masks or hides the presence of ____
carotenes
80
_____, the more common of the two groups, are red if the cell sap is slightly acidic, blue if it is slightly alkaline and of intermediate shades if it is neutral. Betacyanins are usually red.
Anthocyanins
81
What color brings out if the cell sap is slightly acidic,
red
82
What color brings out if it is slightly alkaline
blue
83
What color brings out if it is neutral.
intermediate shades
84
Betacyanins are usually what color
red
85
leaves drop seasonally
Deciduous:
86
: process by which the leaves are shed.
Abscission
87
What happens as the leaf ages,
hormonal changes take place and at least two layers of cells become differentiated
88
Closest to the stem, protective layer cells become coated and impregnated with _____
89
True or false:
In response to any several environmental changes (lowering temperatures, decreasing day lengths or light intensities, lack of adequate water, or damage to the leaf), the pectins in the middle lamella of the cells of the separation layer are broken down by enzymes.
True
90
True or false:
Any color or combination of colors of the rainbow, as well as black or white
True
91
True or false:
Flowers may have any texture, from filmy and transparent to thick and leathery, from spongy to sticky, hairy, prickly, or even dewy wet to the touch:
True
92
- take two growing seasons to complete the cycle.
Biennials
93
True or false:
Flowers of many trees, shrubs and garden weeds are quite Inconspicuous and lack odor but flowers are, strikingly beautiful.
True
94
True or false:
In annuals, the cycle is completed in a single season and ends with the death of the parent plant.
True
95
- may take several to many growing seasons to go from a germinated seed to a plant producing new seeds they may also produce flowers on new growth that dies back each winter, while other parts of the plant may persist indefinitely.
Perennials
96
Two Major Classes:
Magnoliopsida (Dicotyledonae)- dicots. Liliopsida (Monocotyledonae)- monocots.
97
Fours of fives or multiples of four or fives
Dicots
98
Two cotyledons
Dicots
99
Threes of multiples of three
Monocots
100
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
101
Leaf with more or less parallel primary veins
Monocots
102
Vascular cambium, and frequently cork cambium present
Dicots
103
Vascular cambium and cork cambium absent
Monocots
104
Leaf with distinct network of primary veins
Dicots
105
Vascular bundles of stem scattered
Monocots
106
Pollen grains mostly with one aperture
Monocots
107
Pollen grains mostly with 3 apertures (thin areas in the aperture wall)
Dicots
108
Vascular bundles of stem in a ring
Dicots
109
specialized branch at the tip of the stalk.
Peduncle -
110
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
111
- Branchlets of smaller stalks.
Pedicel
112
- Small pad that arises when the peduncle or pedicel swells at its tips.
Receptacle
113
- Collective term of sepals
Calyx
114
- 3-5 small, usually green, leaflike found in the
outermost whorl.
Sepals
115
Sepals can be:
Gamosepalous
Polysepalous
116
sepals that are separated, not fused or united.
Polysepalous:
117
united and form a single preparation.
Gamosepalous:
118
- collective term of petals
Corolla
119
3-5 small, usually green, leaflike found in the
outermost whorl.
Sepals
120
Next whorl of flowers, bright colored. May be tubular, bell-shaped, funnel-shaped or wheel shaped.
Petals
121
Petals can be:
Gamopetalous
Polypetalous
122
all petals are separated or not fused.
Polypetalous
123
all petals are fused or united
Gamopetalous
124
- consists of
calyx and corolla.
Perianth
125
- specialized leaves that may be as colorful as petals and can attract pollinators.
Bracts
126
- consist of anther and filament.
Stamen
127
thin, slender stalk.
Flament
128
- saclike structure which contains the pollen grains.
Anther
129
- term for Male Reproductive Organ of the Flower
Androecium
130
chambers in the anther that contains the pollen grains.
Pollen sacs-
131
True or false:
Each pollen grain contains 1 cell:
False - 2
132
Each pollen grain contains two cells:
one _________ and the other ________
1. cell generates two sperm cells
2. produces pollen tube through which the sperm cells will reach the ovule.
133
term for Female Reproductive Organs of the Flower.
Gynoceium-
134
Pistil- composed of:
Stigma, Style and Ovary.
135
- located at the tip of the female organ whith receives pollen.
Stigma
136
- composed of: Stigma, Style and Ovary.
Pistil
137
- slender projection of the ovary. Connective tissues between stigma and ovary.
Style
138
Pistil- composed of:
Stigma, Style and Ovary.
139
- enlarged basal part, contains ovules or embryo sacs
Ovary
140
- unfertilized, immature seeds
141
- unfertilized, immature seeds.
Ovule
142
: if the calyx and corolla are attached to the receptacle at the base of the ovary. (e.g., pea and primrose flowers).
Superior
143
: receptacle grows up around in some cases fused to the ovary, so that the calyx and corolla appear to be attached at the top (e.g., cactus and carrot flowers)
Inferior
144
Groups of several to hundreds of flowers that may all open at the same time, or they may follow an orderly.
Inflorescences
145
Three types of Inflorescences:
3 types: Racemose, Cymose and Special Type
146
Arrangement of flowers in the main axis (pedicel)
Inflorescences
147
- transfer of pollen grains from another to stigma.
Pollination
148
if pollination occurs within the same flower or within a different flower on the same individual plant.
Self-pollinated-
149
occurs when pollen grains are transferred to a flower on another individual of the same species.
Cross-pollination-
150
is an agent of pollination for certain flowers.
Wind
151
transfers pollen grains in a few aquatic flowers. After pollination, fertilization or fusions of gametes occur.
Water
152
- any ovary and its accessory parts that has developed and matured. It also contains seeds. Ex. Tomatoes, string beans, cucumbers, squashes.
Fruits
153
: usually indirectly determines whether or not the ovary or ovaries of a flower will develop into fruit.
Fertilization
154
: stimulants that are present in the pollen gräins that may initiate fruit development and sometimes a little dead pollen is all that is needed to stimulate an ovary into becoming a fruit.
Hormones
155
: fruits that develop without fertilization.
Parthenocarpic
156
- collective term for the following three regions.
Pericarp
157
outermost layer
Exocarp/Epicarp-
158
- often fleshy or pulpy tissue between exocarp and endocarp
Mesocarp
159
- inner boundary around the seed. May be hard and stony (peach) and can also be papery (apples).
Endocarp
160
develop from a flower with a single pistil
Simple fleshy fruits
161
Simple fleshy fruit with a single seed enclosed by a hard, stony endocarp, or pit.
Drupe
162
Develop from a compound ovary and commonly contain more than one seed. Entire pericarp is fleshy, and it is difficult to distinguish between the mesocarp and the endocarp.
Berry/berries
163
The mesocarp is what we consume.
Drupe
164
All 3 layers of the fruit wall are edible. Ex. Grapes and Tomatoes
Superior Berry/True Berry -
165
- any 1 or 2 layers are not edible. Ex. Banana and Papaya
Inferior Berries
166
Examples-mango, coconuts, almonds, walnuts,
pecans, cashew nut (single seed of a unique drupe) and Pistachio nut (seeds of drupes).
Drupe
167
Special Type of Berry/Berries
1. Pepo
2. Balausta
3. Hesperidium
168
- berry with a leathery skin containing oils. Juicy sacs are the ingrowths of the endocarp. Ex. Citrus Family (Rutaceae)
Hesperidium
169
- The edible part is called Testa. Ex.
Pomegranates
Balausta
170
- berries with relatively thick rinds. Ex. Pumpkin Family (Cucurbitaceae), cucumbers.
Pepo
171
Simple fleshy fruits, the bulk of whose flesh comes from the enlarged floral tubé or receptacle that grows up around the ovary. They have endocarps that are papery or leathery.
Pome
172
Fruits having accessory tissue (develop from the tissue surrounding the ovary) and refers to pomes, pepos, some berries and other fruits derived from more than an ovary alone.
Accessory Fruits
173
Mesocarp is definitely dry at maturity.
Dry fruits
174
Thalamus is the edible.
Pome
175
3 Types of Dry fruits:
1. Dry Simple Dehiscent Fruits
2. Dry Simple Indehiscent Fruits
3. Dry Dehiscent: Follicle
176
Splits along one side or seam (suture) only, exposing the seeds within.
● Ex. Larkspur, columbine, Milkweed and peony
Dry Dehiscent: Follicle
177
Splits along two sides or seams. Thousands of members of the Legume Family (Fabaceae) produce this type of fruit.
● Examples: peas, beans, garbanzo beans, lentils, carob, kudzu and mesquite.
Dry Dehiscent: Legume
178
Peanuts are also legumes, bet they are atypical in that the fruits develop and mature underground.
Dry Dehiscent: Legume
179
Split along two sides or seams, but seeds are borne on a central partition, which is exposed when the two halves of the fruit separate. Silicles -fruits that are less than three times as long as they are wide.
● Forms a false septum (Replum, where the seeds are attached)
Dry Dehiscent: Siliques
180
Examples-irises, orchids, liltes, poppies, violets, and
snapdragons and brazil nut (seeds of a large capsule).
Dry Dehiscent: Capsule
181
Produced by the Mustard Family (Brassicaceae)-broccoli, cabbage, radish, shepherd's purse and watercress
Dry Dehiscent: Siliques
182
Most common of the dry fruits that split a variety of ways. Split through the cavities (locules) in the carpels.
● Or they form a pores
Dry Dehiscent: Capsule
183
Ex. Okra, Gossypium (cotton)
Dry Dehiscent: Valvular/ Valve
184
Dry fruits that do not split at maturity. Single seed is united with the pericarp.
Dry Indehiscent Fruits
185
Attached to its surrounding pericarp. Husk is relatively easily separated from the seed. Example-sunflower "seeds" (edible kernel plus the husk), buttercup, and buckwheat.
Dry Indehiscent: Achene
186
One-seeded fruits similar to achenes, but are generally larger and pericarp is much harder and thicker. They develop with a cup, or cluster of bracts at their base.
Dry Indehiscent: Nuts
187
Also known as Grains tightly united with the seed that cannot be separated from it
Dry Indehiscent: Caryopses/Caryopsis
188
Examples- acorns, hazelnuts (filberts), and hickory nuts.
Dry Indehiscent: Nuts
189
● All members of the Grass Family (Poaceae)-corn, wheat, rice, oats, and barley.
Dry Indehiscent: Caryopses/Caryopsis
190
Pericarp surrounding the seeds extends out in the form of a wing or membrane, which aids in dispersal. In maples-samaras are produced in pairs, but in ashes, elms, and the tree of heaven they are produced singly.
Dry Indehiscent: Samara
191
● One that is derived from a single flower with several to many pistils. The pistils develop into tiny drupes or other fruitlets, but they mature as a clustered unit on a single receptacle.
Aggregate Fruit
192
Twin fruit that is unique to the Parsley Family
(Apiaceae)-parsley, carrots, anise, caraway, and
dill.
● Mericarps-two one-seeded segment
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
193
Single seeded Part that does not undergo dehiscent -Cocci
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
194
Mericarps-two one-seeded segment
Dry Schizocarp/Schizocarpic fruit
195
It is important for seeds to be carried away from the mother plant before they germinate. This prevents competition with the mother plant and avoids inbreeding.
Fruits and Seed Dispersal
196
● Samara of the maple has a curved wing that causes the fruit to spin as it is released from the tree. In a brisk wind, samaras are carried by the wind for up
to 10 kilometers (6 miles) away from their source.
Dispersal by Wind
197
Dandelion fruitlets have plumes that radiate out at the ends like tiny parachutes; these catch even a slight breeze.
Dispersal by Wind
198
In some members of the Buttercup and Suntower
Families (Ranunculaceae and Asteraceae), the fruits have plumes and in the Willow Family (Salicaceae), the fruits are surrounded by cottony or woolly hairs that aid in wind dispersal.
Dispersal by Wind
199
Giant tortoises-seeds do not pass through the tract for 2 weeks or more, and the seeds usually will not germinate unless they have been subjected to such treatment.
Dispersal by Animals
200
Birds, mammals and ants all act as seed dispersal agents.
Dispersal by Wind
201
Many fruits and seeds adhere to the fur or feathers
of animals and birds.
Dispersal by Animals
202
Shore birds may carry seeds great distances in mud that adheres to their feet.
Dispersal by Animals
203
Orchids and heaths produce seeds with no endosperm that are as fine as dust and equally light in weight.
Dispersal by Wind
204
Some bird-disseminated fruits contain laxatives that speed their passage through the digestive tracts.
Dispersal by Animals
205
Blue jays, woodpeckers and other birds carry away nuts and other fruits, which they may drop in flight.
Dispersal by Animals
206
● Sum of all the interrelated biochemical processes that take place in a living organism. All forms of this require ENERGY.
Metabolism
207
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in cells without being used up in the reactions.
Enzyme
208
Both animals and plants release energy during their life cycles: the energy then is recycled or used by other living organisms.
Metabolism
209
Process of the formation of chemical bonds needed to build molecules.
Anabolism
210
They regulate every metabolic activity.
Enzyme
211
Process of breaking down chemical bonds
Catabolism
212
● “building up”
Anabolism
213
“breaking down”
Catabolism
214
- catabolic, release energy held
in chemical bonds.
Cellular respiration
215
Photosynthesis build organic compounds by
combining CO2 and H20, forming ____
carbohydrates
216
_________ breaks down carbohydrates producing
CO2 and water, which may be used again in photosynthesis.
Respiration
217
- loss of one or more electrons - removal of electrons in a compound.
Oxidation
218
- gain of one or more electrons - addition of electrons in a compound.
Reduction
219
True or false:
Oxygen is usually the oxidizing agent (final acceptor of the electron) but oxidations can’t occur without oxygen being involved.
False- can occur
220
Factors affecting Photosynthesis
Light Intensity
The concentration of CO2
221
Increased light intensity results in a higher rate of photosynthesis. On the other hand, low light intensity results in a lower rate of photosynthesis.
Light Intensity:
222
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide helps in increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Usually, carbon dioxide in the range of 300 - 400 PPM is adequate for photosynthesis.
The concentration of CO2:
223
Higher concentration of carbon dioxide helps in increasing the rate of photosynthesis. Usually, carbon dioxide in the range of 300 - 400 PPM is adequate for photosynthesis.
The concentration of CO2:
224
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Temperature
Water
Pollution
225
Photosynthesis process requires several factors such as:
Temperature
Water
Pollution
226
: For efficient execution of photosynthesis, it is important to have a temperature range between 25° to 35° C.
Temperature
227
: As water is an important factor in photosynthesis, its deficiency can lead to problems in the intake of carbon dioxide. The scarcity of water leads to the refusal of stomatal opening to retain the amount of water they have stored inside.
Water
228
: Industrial pollutants and other particulates may settle on the leaf surface. This can block the pores of stomata which makes it difficult to take in carbon dioxide.
Pollution
229
There are four different types pigments present in leaves:
1. Chlorophyll a
2. Chlorophyll b
3. Xanthophylls
4. Carotenoids
230
Photosynthesis involves 2 Major steps:
1. Light Dependent Reactions
2. Light Independent Reactions/ The Calvin Cycle.
231
Light Dependent Reactions
First Major Steps in the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy.
232
They may initially proceed in different ways; depending on the particular kind of plant involved. But they all go through the Calvin Cycle.
Light-Independent Reactions
233
First Major Steps in the conversion of light energy to biochemical energy.
Light Dependent Reactions
234
It is the complete conversion of light energy. to chemical energy by utilizing ATP and NADPH to form sugars.
Light-Independent Reactions
235
Initiated when units of light energy (photons) strikes chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast
Light Dependent Reactions
236
In this Cycle, CO2 + 5-carbon sugar (RuBP ribulose biphosphate) are combined and converted to sugars, such as glucose.
Light-Independent Reactions
237
True or false:
Sulfates are reduced to sulfide via several steps involving ATP and enzymes. The sulfide Is converted into important sulfur-containing amino acids, methionine and cysteine, which are part of the building blocks for proteins, anthocyanin pigments, chlorophylls and other cellular components.
True
238
is an important form of nitrogen storage in roots or specialized stems such as carrots, beets and potato tubers
Glutamine
239
Nitrites are transported into the chloroplast where they are converted into ammonia, which then converted to amino groups of important amino acids such as ______ and _______
Glutamine and Aspartic Acid.
240
True or false:
● Nitrates are reduced to organic compounds. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites in the cytoplasm.
True
241
The catabolic process in which energy release from the glucose molecules are broken down. to individual carbon dioxide molecules.
Respiration
242
Two types of Respiration:
1. Aerobic Respiration
2. Anaerobic Respiration
243
Occurs 24 hours a day, whether or not photosynthesis happens to be occurring simultaneously in the same cells.
Respiration
244
The most widespread form of respiration.
Aerobic Respiration
245
Initiated in the cytoplasm and completed in the mitochondria.
Respiration
246
In this process, it cannot be completed withöut the
oxygen gas.
Aerobic Respiration
247
Release less than 6% of the energy released from a molecule of glucose by aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
248
They differ in the manner in which hydrogen released from the glucose is combined with other substances.
Anaerobic Respiration and Fermentation
249
This involves 3 process: Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain which will generate
ATP.
Aerobic Respiration
250
Aerobic Respiration involves 3 process: which will generate
ATP.
Glycolysis, Kreb's Cycle,
and Electron Transport Chain
251
The controlled release of energy is the significant
event; carbon dioxide and water are the by
products.
Aerobic Respiration
252
- is very important industrially, particularly in the brewing and baking industries.
Fermentation
253
- a common pathway in the majority of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process, glucose is partially oxidized to form acids and alcohol.
An anaerobic pathway
254
Factors affecting respiration
1. Temperature
2. Water
3. Oxygen
255
40°C (104°F)-
inactivation of enzymes
256
20° C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F)-
respiration rates double or triple
257
True or false:
20° C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F)-respiration rates triples or quadruple
double or triple
258
respiration does not cease completely but it continues at a drastically reduced rate= very tiny amounts of heat being released and of carbon dioxide being given off.
Water content is low:
259
Reduction of oxygen supply declines the respiration and growth rate of plants. However when food are stored in a low oxygen environment, low respiration rates are beneficial. It is a common practice to reduce oxygen present in warehouses where crops are stored.
Oxygen
260
Essential products of additional pathways:
nucleotic proteins, chlorophylls and fatty acids.
261
Secondary metabolites includes:
➔ alkaloids (modification of amino acids and related. ➔ compounds)
➔ phenolics (shikimic acid pathway)
➔ terpenoids (mevalonic acid pathway).
262
(modification of amino acids and related compounds)
alkaloids
263
(shikimic acid pathway)
phenolics
264
(mevalonic acid pathway).
terpenoids
265
: conversion of sugar produced by photosynthesis to fats, proteins, complex carbohydrates and other substances.
Assimilation
266
: occurs within plant cells with the aid of enzymes. Large, insoluble molecules are broken down by hydrolysis to smaller, soluble forms that can be transported to other parts of the plant.
Digestion
267
All higher organisms such as mammals have this type of respiration.
Aerobic respiration
268
Lower organisms such as bacteria and yeast use this type. In other organisms, it occurs during heavy activities.
Anaerobic Respiration
269
Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
270
Glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic respiration
271
Glucose breaks down into ethyl alcohol, carbon dioxide and energy.
Anaerobic respiration
272
It can be found only in the cytoplasm.
Anaerobic respiration
273
It can be found in the cytoplasm and the mitochondria.
Aerobic respiration
274
Gases are exchanged in this form of respiration.
Aerobic respiration
275
Oxygen is absent when this form of respiration takes place.
Anaerobic respiration
276
Gases are not exchanged in this form of respiration.
Anaerobic respiration
277
Oxygen is present when this form of respiration takes place.
Aerobic respy
278
Stores energy in sugar molecules.
Photosynthesis
279
Produces ATP with energy released from, sugarss
Respiration
280
Utilizes oxygen (aerobic respiration).
Respiration
281
Produces oxygen in green organisms.
Photosynthesis
282
Occurs in all living cells.
Respiration
283
Occurs only in cells containing chlorophyll.
Photosynthesis
284
Occurs only in light.
Photosynthesis
285
Uses carbon dioxide and water.
Photosynthesis
286
Occurs either with light or darkness.
Respiration
287
Decreases in weight.
Respiration
288
Increases in weight.
Photosynthesis
289
Releases carbon dioxide and water.
Respiration
290
Releases energy from sugar molecúles.
Respiration
291
Occurs only in light.
Photosynthesis
292
Releases energy from sugar molecúles.
Respiration
