Midterms Review Flashcards
1
Q
Scientific Revolution
A
During the renaissance, ideas from the greeks/romans/asian societies were brought over to a very religion based europe. Instead of just going with what they were taught people wanted to learn and explore (natural philosophers). They discovered natural laws and this was the beginning of modern science.
2
Q
Heliocentric model
A
A not so accepted model of our solar system that contrasted the socially accepted geocentric model since the sun was the center; it was created by Nicholas Copernicus and solved many of the problems of the geocentric model.
3
Q
Enlightenment
A
A time in which the ideas of society changed to be more flexible and able to be expanded on, such as in the scientific revolution. People began to question what was around them in both logical and philosophical ways
4
Q
Social contract
A
Ideas of Thomas Hobbes, who said that the government and the people in a nation form a social contract; the people give up some of their freedom so they can live in a safe and orderly way. For this to occur, the government needs to tend to the needs of the people and be strong.
5
Q
Montesquieu
A
Philosopher: separation of powers (judicial, executive, legislative)
6
Q
Scientific method
A
Developed during the enlightenment when people were starting to focus on science more. Similar to the one we use today (ex. start with a hypothesis then experiment etc)
7
Q
Galileo
A
Dude who promoted Copernicus’ theory of the heliocentric model, but the church did not like this (they like the geocentric model). They forced him to say he was wrong, but his ideas would eventually gain the high ground during scientific Rev.
8
Q
Enlightened Despot
A
Rulers that were influenced by the enlightenment, and many held themselves to the social contract as described by Hobbes. Their working with the people made them much more powerful. The Old Regime in France was not an example of this.
9
Q
Newton
A
10
Q
Rousseau
A
Philosopher: human freedom and equality for all
11
Q
Geocentric model
A
The socially accepted early model of the solar system; based off of the idea that the sun and planets revolved around the earth
12
Q
Locke
A
Philosopher: natural rights (life, liberty, property) for everyone. Believed that if citizens didn’t like the government they should be able to change it, and his ideas were fundamental in the declaration of independence etc.
13
Q
Voltaire
A
Believed in freedom of thought and expression; was very supportive of the declaration of rights of man. This included religious freedom, which he also fought for.
14
Q
Old Regime
A
social structure of pre-revolutionary France in which the nobility had all of the power and the peasants did all the work (king had absolute power and the last king to have this was Louis XIV)
15
Q
Estate General
A
a meeting between representatives for all three estates. However, they were always biased because the 1st/2nd estate would always be able to outvote the 3rd, despite them having more people. Was held for the first time in 175 yrs to approve a new tax by Louis XIV
16
Q
Jacobins
A
A group of radical revolutionaries, also called the Jacobins club
17
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
Austrian princess married to Louis XVI, hated by the French people (she spent lots of money), beheaded during the Reign of Terror
18
Q
Tennis Court Oath
A
when the third estate found themselves locked out of the estates-general meeting, they broke into a nearby tennis court and pledged to stay there until a new constitution was written, which it was.
19
Q
Reign of Terror
A
The very radical era of the French Rev. Led by Maximilien Robespierre & the Committee of Public Safety, thousands were executed during this time and free speech was limited if there was any to begin with.
20
Q
Guillotine
A
A blade that falls onto the victims head from a board and slices it off. Used a lot in the French revolution, specifically during the reign of terror. Thousands of people were executed like this.
21
Q
Moderate
A
Someone who may want certain reforms, but is happy with others. Also know as centrists, are a middle ground as opposed to the radicals etc.
22
Q
Declaration of the Rights of Man
A
Like a constitution; was accepted by the National Assembly during the moderate phase of the French Revolution. Focused on basic human rights that each person should have
23
Q
First estate/Second estate/Third estate
A
- clergy: 1%
- Nobility: 2%
- Regular people, who were the rest of the population, were the poorest, paid the most taxes and owned very little land.
24
Q
liberty equality fraternity
A
The slogan of the French revolution
25
Maximilien Robespierre
important leader during the reign of terror, oversaw the beheading of the royals and helped radicalize the revolution (Jacobins). Ran the committee of public safety until he was beheaded himself.
26
Storming of Bastille
Bastille was a huge prison that many of the third estate were said to be trapped inside. It incited fear in many peasants, and thus revolutionaries decided to strike fear in the other estates by storming the bastille and taking it over and getting many guns. It was a turning point in the rev. because people actually did something instead of just talking about it.
27
Louis XVI
last king of France, was not very good at his job and was eventually beheaded during the radical part of the revolution.
28
bourgeoisie
The middle class
29
Radical
People who are extremely opposed to the current government and want complete change. Could also be used to describe extreme liking of government, but not as often
30
Napoleon Bonaparte
Was in the military, and became popular because he won a lot of battles for France (& spread that fact using propaganda). Eventually, he staged a coup d'état against the current leaders and became Emperor. Leader of France/dictator after the directory, put in place a lot of good laws such as Napoleonic code and tried to take over Europe, but failed. Was banished at the end but made a lot of changes and caused the congress of Vienna.
31
Napoleonic Wars
The Battles and Wars that Napoleon started because he wanted to take over all of Europe. France gained a lot of territory, but a lot of enemies as well.
32
Battle of Waterloo
The last battle in the Napoleonic Wars, which devastated Napoleon's side (Britain and Prussia teamed up against France). He had to abdicate the throne, and was exiled to an island
33
coup d'etat
a sudden seizure of political power in a nation, like a short & powerful revolution.
34
Invasion of Russia
35
Code Napoleon
One standard code of law that affected everyone, made by Napoleon and based on the principle that everyone is equal under the law. Advancement in society was based on hard work not social class and religious freedom was also a big part.
36
scorched earth policy
"If I can't have it you can't either" When Napoleon invaded Russia, he took Moscow and decided to stay there for the winter. however, the Russians had burned Moscow to the ground before they were defeated so that they French couldn't use it. (Scorched Earth Policy). They burned houses, crops, and especially killed all the animals that the enemy could use as food. Thus, the French had to retreat & the Russians killed many of them on their way out.
37
creoles
Europeans born in Latin America, who were second only to peninsulares in social class.
38
mulattos
Mixed Europeans/Africans, who had fewer rights than the Europeans but more than the Africans.
39
the Haitian Revolution
The first Latin American territory to claim independence. Since the African slaves who lived there greatly outnumbered the French who controlled them, and the French Revolution both inspired them and distracted France from their colonies, they were able to win. Additionally, they also inspired many other colonies to do what they did.
40
Jose de San Martin
A creole general who, like Bolivar, had a lot to do with the Latin American wars and played a huge part in their independence (from Argentina)
41
peninsulares
Europeans born in Europe, who then came over to manage the Latin American colonies. Highest on the social ladder.
42
mestizos
Mixed Europeans/Native Americans, who had fewer rights than the Europeans but more than Native Americans.
43
Simon Bolivar
A Creole from Venezuela who didn't like the king of Spain ruling them, so he joined a resistance movement. He went to Britain on a Diplomatic mission, then returned to Venezuela to form the Venezuelan Second Republic (and called El libertador or the liberator), but after Civil War broke out he fled. He came back after a while, involved himself in multiple battles, and created Gran Colombia which was a federation of multiple countries. However, the government was fragile but all countries were able to escape the control of Europe.
44
Miguel Hidalgo and the Mexican Revolution
Miguel Hidalgo was a radical Creole Priest, who led the failed Mexican Revolution in 1810. His revolution attacked anyone with wealth or privilege, so the other creoles joined the royalists who then defeated the rebellion (Hidalgo was executed). In 1821, the Mexican Revolution finally succeeded and Creole soldiers staged a coup d'état to do this. A king was put into power, but he was removed shortly after.
45
crop rotation
The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
46
factors of production
land , labor , capital, and sometimes entrepreneurship. England, for example, had all of these, thus they were some of the first to industrialize & played a major part in other places doing the same.
47
middle class
A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers
48
laissez-faire
The government should not control the economy, "free market"
49
cottage industry
A business in which everything is done within a person's home or locally. Basically small businesses, and many were quickly run out of business by factories and corporations.
50
mass production
Making many copies of one thing in a factory assembly line; each item is the exact same, but the assembly lines and machines were so efficient lots of product could be created and then sold for much cheaper.
51
dictatorship of the proletariat
The plan was that after overthrowing the bourgeoisie, the workers (or proletariat) would jointly share the means of productions and split the wealth evenly (communism)
52
enclosure movement
Previously, peasants would share land in the open field system. During the IR, fields were fenced off and planted with crops that could be sold for large profits. This meant that peasant farmers had less access to land.
53
factory
A place where a business manufactures products at a grand scale, often in mass production. With these starting to pop up in cities and having a promising stable wage, many workers wanted a job here which affected urbanization and the economy.
54
urbanization
the growth of cities and the migration of people into them; many came from rural farms
55
assembly line
A factory strategy where workers would all stand around a conveyor belt, and each do a separate part of creating whatever product they had to create. They were each doing the same task over and over again, and were treated like machines.
56
interchangeable parts
The IR, assembly lines, factories, and mass production all benefitted from interchangeable parts in machines and products. This meant that while the factories could make more product and money, skilled craftsmen were much less able to make a living since the exactness of factories was not something they could keep up with.
57
David Ricardo
An English economist like Malthus
58
Thomas Malthus
English economist: Said that population tends to increase more rapidly than food supplies
59
Entrepreneur
a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. The industrial revolution was a perfect place for many of these people to gain power and wealth.
60
Industrialization
the process of developing machine production of goods. this requires natural resources such as water, iron ore, rivers for transportation, and harbors
61
Adam Smith
Scottish political economist and philosopher. His Wealth of Nations (1776) laid the foundations of classical free-market economic theory, government should not interfere with economics (called Laissez Faire) and founder of "invisible hand"
62
Capitalism
very individual based; instead of working for the good of everyone, you only work for your self interest. Businesses are owned by the people, and try to sell items for the highest profit they can while also appealing to the consumers who want the lowest profit possible. This also creates competition between businesses, which affects the economy. The government is very hands off, so the people control what happens.
63
labor union/strike
a worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions. Uses strength in numbers and goes on strikes (everyone refuses to work) so that employers are forced to make changes
64
imperialism
expanding a country's power to other regions through diplomacy or force. The countries of Europe often practiced this on the rest of the world
65
assimilation
When one culture takes in the ideas of another culture and the other way around. however, many times during colonization the native culture would simply be forgotten or eradicated by the westerners, whose values, language, religion all replaced the natives.
66
Scramble for Africa
When the European countries realized how valuable Africa is and thus fought to take control of as much of it as they each could.
67
White Man's Burden
The white Europeans used this as an excuse for why they colonized. They said that the native people were lesser than them (often based on skin color), and that it was the white people's job to "civilize" and "educate" them properly. They also said that this is what god wanted.
68
Direct/Indirect control
Direct control usually meant that a colony would be ruled by people from the mother country, Europeans who lived in their colony. This was more work for the mother country but it also meant they could keep a closer eye on what was going on in the colony. Indirect control meant that the Europeans would permit the natives that they trusted to run the government, which usually meant that the native culture would stay stronger and the Europeans had to work less, but revolution was also much easier for the natives.
69
Colony
A nation or piece of land that is under the political control of another country. Oftentimes these two are in completely separate parts of the world
70
Berlin Conference
Many European countries sat down together to discuss how to split up and take different parts of Africa for themselves. Not a single African leader was present.
71
Social Darwinism
Based on Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection: the weak die and the strong live on and reproduce. He also mentioned the struggle for survival and that those who competed and survived would only get more powerful. People took this idea and decided that this applied to people, with skin color determining who was superior and inferior.
72
Westernization
The shift in culture towards that of European/western culture, often leaving behind whatever the natives practiced (assimilation)
73
Boer War
The British took over part of South Africa ad got into war with the Dutch white people (Boers/Afrikaners) who had colonized there before and saw themselves as leaders there. The Zulu tribe (natives) also lived in that area). The British and Boers fight over the gold that is there and Britain eventually wins but their lack of focus there allows the Boers to basically run the government anyways.
74
Leopold II and Congo
The Belgian King who owned the entirety of Congo himself. He was brutal to the citizens but still used their work and the Congo rubber plants to make a profit. After the abuse was documented in Harris' photographs, the mass media realized what was going on and Leopold was forced to give up his colony.
75
Rudyard Kipling
A British novelist who wrote the White Man's Burden
76
Geopolitics
"politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors" -google
77
Sepoy Mutiny
The cartridges of the guns the Sepoy's used were greased with cow and pig fat, which was against both Hindu and Muslim religions. The Sepoys refused to use them, and many were jailed & others rebelled. Eventually, the British put down the rebellion, but the effects would create increasing nationalism in India as well as strip the East India Company of their governmental status and be replaced by British Gov.
78
Muslim League
The Muslims didn't totally trust the Hindus with India, so they created the Muslim League
79
Sepoy
Indian soldiers in the British army
80
Raj
means "rule" but often refers to the British Rule of India (British Raj) until 1947.
81
"Jewel in the Crown"
India was seen as Britain's most important colony due to it's production of so many raw materials, giving it the nickname "jewel in the crown"
82
East India Company
Company from Britain which basically had governmental control over India. The company’s main objective was to make a profit for shareholders by exploiting the abundant natural resources and gaining access to the markets in India.
83
Indian National Congress
Formed after the Sepoy rebellion and called for independence from Britain.
84
Qing/Manchus Dynasty
Dynasty that ruled over China before the time of Western involvement in the 1800s. Had lots of pressure from the west
85
Extraterritorial Rights
When a person who isn't from a certain country visits that country, extraterritorial rights make it so that the person does not have to follow the rules of said country.
86
Boxer Rebellion
A Rural Chinese revolt. It was a rebellion against Chinese Christians, westerners, and the Chinese Empress. The Boxers were an underground society that were provoked by high unemployment. They blamed the outsiders for the introduction of railroads and steamships.
87
Russo Japanese War
War between Russia and the Japanese because Russia wanted some warm pacific ocean ports that Japan had. No one expected Japan to win. However, they did
88
Taiping Rebellion
Also known as peasant revolt. It was led by Hong Xiuquan and was supported by unhappy peasants that were dealing with Western Imperialists. Taxes were raised and government services were lowered. Peasants were forced into sharecropping. 20 million were killed.
89
Treaty of Kanagawa
Matthew Perry, U.S. Commodore, threatens Japan after coming to Japan on a steamboat. The Japanese had never seen something like that before and quickly realized how behind they were with industrialization. They decided to take action, but they first made a treaty with Perry that allowed U.S. ships to refuel and resupply at Japanese ports, extraterritoriality.
90
Opium Wars
Britain smuggled opium from India to China because they needed something to trade with China for (they wanted to trade for tea). The Chinese became addicted to the point where china banned selling opium, and the British responded with attacking certain port cities. The war ended with a Treaty that was favorable towards the British (Treaty of Nanjing)
91
Sphere of influence
Places in China where European nations basically controlled the economy
92
Manchuria
The Northern part of china, which had many natural resources
93
Meiji Era
Occurred after the Tokugawa Shogunate- leaders declared an imperial restoration in which lots of changes were made to Japan. Feudalism and the samurai were abolished, and a constitutional monarchy were put in place. Japan rapidly industrialized and became very modern, and built up their military strength. They were open to western trade, and due to all of this, it became one of the top nations in the world in a very short amount of time
94
Treaty of Nanjing
Established in 1842 after the British victory of the Opium War. the 5 parts were 10 China opening up 5 ports to Britain 2) Extraterritorial rights given to western powers 3) China limits British import taxes 4) Hong Kong goes to Britain 5) China legalizes opium trade (Spheres of influence were created)
95
Open Door Policy
China opened its door to national merchants, meaning that no one could actually colonize it. It tried to help the Manchu Dynasty from fully collapsing
96
Tokugawa Shoganate
Tokugawa Ieyasu created it- he focused on reestablishing order in social, political and international affairs. There was relative peace during his time, but he did not like foreigners in the country. He banned Christianity and trade with the west was forbidden (Act of Seclusion). They only did trade with Korea and China. This worked for a while, but their lack of connection to an industrialized world would make them weak
97
Sino Japanese War
War between Japan and China over control of Korea, which neither could take, but during this Japan took control of its first colony, Taiwan.
98
Militarism
building up armed forces and being ready for war without war being declared yet.
99
Triple Alliance/central powers
the Germans, Austrians and Italians
100
Western Front
On Germany's west side, used trench warfare almost exclusively. The Battle of Verdun showed this: it lasted 10 months and cost 1 million lives. The front lines were also known as "The meat grinder." The war was very stagnant over here
101
Total War
Involves Civilian populations as well as the military, both in support of the war on the home front, and in terms of casualties and damage
102
Propaganda
"information, especially of a biased or misleading nature, used to promote or publicize a particular political cause or point of view."
103
14 points
Created by Woodrow Wilson as an idea to create lasting peace in Europe
104
Gavrilo Princep
the young member of the black hand who shot Archduke Franz-Ferdinand
105
Homefront
The war was also fought at home- people rationed so that the military would have goods, women took the places of men as farmers or other jobs, and sometimes battling would occur in towns and cities as well.
106
Galipoli
107
Zimmerman telegram
A telegram that was intercepted that proposed a military alliance between Mexico and Germany if the US entered the war.
108
Triple Entente / Allies
France Russia Britain
109
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Was assassinated by the Black Hand while visiting Serbia on one of Serbia's national holidays. He had come from Austria to pay a state visit, and Austria was very upset after he was murdered. This led to them issuing an ultimatum to Serbia, which they refused to accept part of, and many think that this was what set off the war.
110
U-boats
"underwater" boats, used to sink enemy ships. Used a lot and were highly affective.
111
Armistice
A truce between opposing sides of a war; this was done on Christmas day on the Western front during WWI
112
League of Nations
Created to prevent future wars. However, the League of Nations had no way of enforcing their solutions. Additionally, the USA, who had suggested the league, refused to join making them less powerful
113
Eastern Front
The eastern front was much more fluid than the Western one since it was so long, and moved back and forth. Because of this, trench digging was not done frequently. Additionally, the Germans started the war by focusing on France to take them out quickly and then focus on Russia. However, the Russian army was poorly organized, so they would have been better off starting on the eastern front.
114
Trench Warfare
Enemy sides dug trenches in the ground about 7 ft deep and 6 ft wide. They shot at each other with guns and threw poison gases @ each other over "no man's land" or the land in between the trenches. This created a stagnant war with many casualties and not much change.
115
Treaty of Versailles
A compromise between all of the victorious nations that was an attempt to create peace and make Germany pay. France wanted revenge, USA wanted peace and Britain was between the two.
116
War Reparations
The reparations that the Germans needed to pay after WWI were so harsh, people think it partly caused WWII. Germany had to 1) accept the new map of Europe 2) accept the decisions made by the League of Nations 3) limit the size of its army and navy 4) give up its empire 5) accept the blame of the war and pay 6600 million in damages
117
Czar Alexander III
118
October Manifesto
119
March Revolution (1917)
120
Karl Marx
Created the basic ideas behind the system of communism, based off of what he saw occur during the industrial revolution. Created the Communist Manifesto with Fredrich Engels, and predicted a war between the "haves" and "have nots"
121
"peace, bread, land"
122
New Economic Policy (NEP)
123
Czar Nicholas II
124
Kerensky
125
Mensheviks
126
Bolsheviks
127
U.S.S.R
128
Rasputin
129
Provisional Government
130
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
131
Communist Party
132
Joseph Stalin
133
Revolution of 1905
134
Autocracy
135
Vladimir Lenin
136
Proletariat
137
Totalitarian State
138
Russian Civil War
139
1 Individualism:
2 Rationalism:
3 Secularism:
4 Classicism:
5 Skepticism:
6 Naturalism:
7 Humanism:
1. uniqueness emphasized
2. a man can solve problems using their brain and reasoning
3. worldly pleasures; focus on the now and don't worry so much about getting into heaven
4. ancient greek and roman art (connections to)
5. challenging authority
6. nature can be understood through scientific investigation
7. focused on human potiential and achievements
140
Congress of Vienna
A series of meetings that occurred between European Powers to create peace after the defeat of Napoleon. Led by Klemens Von Metternich, his three part plan involved creating a balance of power so no country could threaten others, Surround France w/ powerful countries so what happened couldn't occur again, and restore the European Royal families to the thrones they lost. It created the Concert of Europe and lots of peace in the continent for many years.
141
Toussaint L'Ouverture
A former slave that could read and write, and was one of the main organizers of the Haitian Revolution. Eventually, he took control of the entire island and freed all of the slaves. However, he was taken by the French and sent to prison, but his actions would have a lasting effect.
142
Paternalism
"Paternalism is the interference of a state or an individual with another person, against their will, and defended or motivated by a claim that the person interfered with will be better off or protected from harm" - google
