Midterms Reviewer Flashcards by Jamilla Saquing

-group of academic
disciplines that focus on how individuals
behave within society.
-is one of the branches of science,
devoted to the** study of societies** and the
relationships among individuals within
those societiesSocial Sciences

Social Sciences

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is the systematic study of
humanity, with the goal of
understanding our evolutionary origins,
our distinctiveness as a species, and the
great diversity in our forms of social
existence across the world and through
time.

Anthropology

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Study of human relationship
and institutions

Sociology

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is the study of politics
and power from domestic, international,
and comparative perspectives.

Political science

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is the study of the human
past using material remains.

Archeology

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studies
humans and what it means to be a
human.

Cultural anthropology

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Study of the
relationship between language and
culture.

Anthropological linguistics

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is the study of humans as
cultural beings.

Ethnology

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is a macrolevel theory that sees society as an
interconnected system with each part
having a different function while still
working together. Functionalists view
society as a system whose parts work
together to promote solidarity and
stability

Structural functionalism

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focuses on the
competition among groups within
society over limited resources.

Conflict theory

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views social and
economic institutions as tools of the
struggle among groups or classes, used
to maintain inequality and the
dominance of the ruling class.

Conflict theory

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sometimes called symbolic interaction perspective,
is a sociology theory that seeks to
understand humans’ relationship with
their society by focusing on the symbols
that help us give meaning to the
experiences in our life.

Symbolic interaction theory

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Group of people sharing
common identity, culture, territory, and
language who act together for collective
survival and well-being.

Society

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everything a person learns as a
member of the society. People ways of
living.

Culture

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Components of culture

Tangible and Non-Tangible

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all material objects

Tangible

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belief, norms, tradition etc.

Non-Tangible

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE

Social, Varies, Shared, Learned and Transmitted, Continuous and Cumulative

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product of behavior and of the society. Develops through social interaction.

Culture is Social

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culture is unique to itself due to the fact
that it is a human product.

Culture varies from society to society

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people in the society shares ideas, activities and artifacts. Transmission is not automatic but largely depends on the willingness of people to give and receive it.

Culture is shared

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Learned socially rather than biologically.
Handed to generations through generations as a product of enculturation and acculturation.

Culture is Learned and Transmitted

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Culture exists as a continuous process and it is responsive to the changing world.

Culture is continuous and cumulative

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practice of comparing
other cultural practices. Finding other
cultural practices to be inferior and their
culture as superior.
“My culture is the best”. “Our family’s
culture is the most important”.

Ethnocentrism

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Preference for the foreign cultures. Seeing their culture as inferior and other’s as superior. “Koreans culture is so much better that Filipinos Culture.”

Xenocentrism

Idea that all norms, beliefs and values are dependent of their cultural context. Practicing diversity. “All cultures are unique and beautiful”

Cultural Relativism

Man was created by God on the 6th day of creation out of dust

Biblical Theory

Tagalog story of Malakas and Maganda

Myths and Legends

Natural selection is the process through which species adapt to their environments. It is the engine that drives evolution. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. Through this process of natural selection, favorable traits are transmitted through generations.

Scientific Theory (Natural Selection by Charles Darwin)

can lead to speciation, where one species gives rise to a new and distinctly different species. It is one of the processes that drives evolution and helps to explain the diversity of life on Earth.

Natural selection

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT INITIATED HUMAN EVOLUTION

-Continental Drift (Pangaea) -Climate Change

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS THAT INITIATED THE EVOLUTION OF MAN

-development and enlargement of brain -development and enlargement of vocal tract -improvement of the gripping capacity

first to discover in African Region. First to exhibit bipedalism (walking using two feet).

Australopithecus

lived 2.4- 1.4 million years ago. Toolmaker.

Homo Habilis

First to travel outside Africa. First user and maker of fire.

Homo Erectus

First known creator of clothes and ornaments. First practitioner of burials.

Homo Neanderthalensis

During a time of dramatic climate change 300,000 years ago, Homo sapiens evolved in Africa. Anatomically they are the modern humans who were practicing industrialization.

Homo Sapiens

was a paleoanthropological fraud in which bone fragments were presented as the fossilized remains of a previously ape and human.

Piltdown man

is a model that attempts to explain the history of human migration on a global scale. According to this theory, there were 3 consecutive waves where Filipino came from. They are from Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.

The waves of migration theory

Filipinos descended from Austronesians (product of intermarriage between Australoids and Mongoloids), who first interacted within the present-day ASEAN region and spread throughout the region through maritime travel.

Austronesian Theory

First man in Philippines. Was discovered at Callao cave, Cagayan on 2007

Callao Man

discovered at Tabon Cave, Palawan and said to be 30,000 years old

Tabon Man

tools were small and handy as well as their arts. Accessories are limited to personal collections. Their subsistence is foraging.

Paleolithic Period (old stone age)

wider and bigger tools. Subsistence is agriculture.

Neolithic Period (new stone age)

the process whereby an individual learns to adjust to a group (or society) and behave in a manner approved by the group (or society). According to most social scientists, socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behaviour, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.

Socialization

is a first culture learning process, wherein a person understands and internalizes the native culture. It makes an individual aware of his roles, position and functions in society.

Enculturation

is the second culture learning process wherein an individual learns other’s cultures and modifies the culture he/she practices.

Acculturation

is important for easily adapting oneself to the foreign environment. Due to this reason, acculturation can be seen among the people who are far from their native places.

Acculturation

is the position of an individual in relation to another or others, especially in regard to social or professional standing.

Status

is beyond an individual's control. It is not earned, but rather is something people are either born with or had no control over. Examples of ascribed status include sex, race, and age. Children usually have more ascribed statuses than adults, since they do not usually have a choice in most matters.

Ascribed Status

on the other hand, is one that is acquired on the basis of merit; it is a position that is earned or chosen and reflects a person's skills, abilities, and efforts. Being a professional athlete, for example, is an achieved status, as is being a lawyer, college professor, or even a criminal.

Achieved Status

people find themselves pulled in various directions as they try to respond to the many statuses they hold.

Role conflict

refers to the stress an individual faces when failing to meet the expectations of specific social role. You cannot balance your role as a studentathlete.

Role strain

When an individual stops engaging in a role previously central to their identity and begins the process of establishing a new identity.

Role exit

the process whereby people change their beliefs, attitudes, actions, or perceptions to more closely match those held by groups to which they belong or want to belong or by groups whose approval they desire.

Conformity

is any behavior that violates social norms, and is usually of sufficient severity to warrant disapproval from the majority of society.

Deviance

proposes that people's relationships, commitments, values, norms, and beliefs encourage them not to break the law.

Social control

unit of people who interact with some regularity and identify themselves as a unit. Collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations.

Group

Dyad (2 people) and Triad (3 people)

Small Group

Groups according to membership

Ingroup VS. Out-group

Groups according to influence

primary and secondary group

considered as an ideal

Reference Group

Group-think and Social Loafing/ Free-riding

Group Dynamics

an approach that proposes a specific way to manage an organization. It proposes that the most appropriate way to run an organization is to structure it into a rigid hierarchy of individuals governed by strict rules and regulations.

BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL

Karl Marx argued that capitalists use bureaucracies to exploit the working class. Marx predicted that bureaucracies would eventually disappear in a communist (classless) society, and that collectivist organizations model, in which supervisors and workers function as equals for equal wages, would replace the bureaucracies.

COLLECTIVIST ORGANIZATION

refers to small and highly relational communities, like agrarian societies. These are typically rural communities that are very traditional and very family and communityoriented.

Gemeinschaft

means "society." This term refers to modern, usually urban societies in which people are more relationally isolated from one another than in traditional, Gemeinschaft communities. An example of Gesellschaft is any large, modern, urban society like New York City. People live very close together regarding physical distance but live their lives are isolated from the millions of people around them.

Gesellschaft

Branches of Anthropology

Physical and Cultural

Also known as biological anthropology

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Concerned how: Humans emerged and evolved through time Human beings differ biologically

PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY

Concerned with the differences in culture from time to time

CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

study of past cultures through material remains

Archaeology

study of present cultures

Ethnology

study of the difference of languages among cultures and how it is constructed

Anthropological Linguistics

BRANCHES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

Political Theory Comparative Politics International Relations Public Administration

application of political ideas and concepts for answering political phenomena.

Political Theory

study of context of different political and government systems

Comparative Politics

study of various administrative schemes implemented by the government

Public Administration

study of political interactions between state and non-state actors

International Relations

Society as a system with parts and functions

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

Proponent of STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM

DURKHEIM/WEBER

Proponent of SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION

COOLEY/MEAD

Society is constructed in favor of the powerful/wealthy over the powerless/poor.

CONFLICT THEORY

Social interactions are governed by shared and co-created meanings made by the social actors in every interaction

SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION

Proponent of CONFLICT THEORY

Marx

Refers to is disciplines that study human interactions.

Social Science

Physics, Chemistry, Biology are example of this.

Natural Science

A Theoretical Perspective in Sociology: The Shared meanings are lodged on objects, events, and persons and are seen as symbols, the interpretation of which shape and influence the emerging interactions.

Symbolic Interactionism

Humans emerged and evolved through time.

Physical Anthropology

It is the study of past cultures through material remains.

Archaeology

Study of context of different political and government systems.

Comparative Politics

Application of political ideas and concepts for answering political phenomena.

Political Theory

It is the study of various administrative schemes implemented by the government.

Public Administration

Political Science deals with the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions and political behavior.

True

Society as full of tensions and struggles between groups and individuals.

Conflict Theory

It is the scientific study of society and the behavior of people in the society.

Sociology

Conflict Theory is made by Karl Marx.

True

Refers to is disciplines that study human interactions.

Social Science

The relationship between a housing complex owner and a tenant as being based mainly on conflict instead of balance or harmony, even though there may be more harmony than conflict. This is an example of conflict theory.

True

Society is made possible by cooperation and interdependence as it views itself as a system with parts that have respective functions to perform.

True

A Characteristic of Culture: Various members of a society commonly share ideas, activities and artifacts, making it socially and conventionally standardized.

Culture is Shared

Fear of what is perceived as foreign or strange.

Xenophobia

A Theoretical Perspective in Sociology: The health of the system is defined by the parts performing their assigned tasks and working in coordination with other parts of the system

Structural Functionalism

Functions of Culture: Culture provides the individual with a ready-made view of the universe.

Defines Myths, Legends and Supernatural

Midterms Reviewer Flashcards

(119 cards)