Migrants in labour force Flashcards
What is the first phase of labour demand?
1st Phase (1945-1973)
Mass production in large factories (manual workers)
Post-war economic boom in North America
What is the 2nd phase of labour demand?
2nd Phase (1970-1990) Growing competition (e.g., labour cost) from Asian economies The sharp decline of migrant labour to North America Economic restructuring (labour outsource)
What is the 3rd phase of labour demand?
3rd Phase (after the 1990s)
Creation of exploitative work in advanced economies
Causal, precarious work
Labour market segmentation
What pushes the labour demand?
The decline in the working-age population
Labour shortage in advanced economies is ‘socially constructed’ (3D jobs)
How does immigration meet labour demand?
Temporary labour migration-guest workers, colonial workers (typically lowly skilled)
Permanent immigration (typically highly skilled)
Trajectory of permanent immigrants’ economic performance
New immigrants often bring high skills with them
What strafication do migrants experience
When immigrants come to host country there are stereotypes
They have been judged based on their gender, skin colour etc.
How does the whole society perceive them, because it will determine their hiring practices
Education
The host countries perceptions will determine if they can utilize their skills in the host country
To what extent they can transfer their skills over
What are some aspects of decredentialization
- Double negative effect on the earnings of immigrants
~Not only do their credentials devalued
~They also face racial discrimination
~Their less likely to be hired
Human Capital Framework
the Skill brought by the immigrants
Can they fully exercise their human capital
What’s brain waste?
Brain waste is happening
People who are having credentials and are recruited but they can’t practice their skills
Can immigrants bypass human capital defecit?
Those who can’t practice their skills, can have human capital deficit
trying to understand wheteher immigrants can find alternative solutions to bypass structural barriers
Through social capital framework
Define social capital
Belonging to a network
Hopefully you will have a job opportunity or information from that connection with your social network
Can social capital help immigrants bypass their structural barriers to maximize job opportunities?
Characteristics of ethnic enclave economy?
Refers to immigrant based economy
They can speak the common language
For some immigrants they can easily find a job here
Some immigrants go to those areas because they speak a common language
And they gain those social connections
Is Social Capital Always Favourable to Immigrants?
It helps immigrants in initial stage of settlements
But some immigrants don’t like staying in ethnic enclave for ages
Because it is limited
In order for them to succeed, they must diverge into mainstream society
More opportunities outside the enclave
If you want to be a CEO, there are more opportunities outside this enclave, must go beyond the connection
Enclave beneficial in initial stage
People experience opportunity blockage, earning penalty/glass ceiling
Three findings from Li, 2008?
- Foreign credentials benefit immigrants from European origins but penalize visible minority immigrants
- Immigrant men and women who maintain weak ethnic ties earn more than their counterparts with strong ties
- There is no evidence of ethnic social capital being able to mitigate the negative effect of a credential deficit
Are migrants entrepeneurs?
Instead of competing in jobs with mainstream society
Some immigrants chose to run small businesses
Sick of low-paid dead end jobs, so alternatively they save money and start stores
4 levels of migrant assimilation?
Structural -entrances into cliques, club and institutions of the host society
Social -marital, identificational, attitude
Political-civic participation (e.g., voting, volunteering)
Economic-occupational (participating in the mainstream labour market)
