Migration 13F Flashcards
(25 cards)
define immigration
movement into an area, society or country
migration
- refers to the movement of people from place to place
- can be internal, within society, or international
define emigration
movement out of an area, society, or counrty
define net migration
- the difference betweenvnumbers immigrating and numbers emigrating
- expressed as a + or -
between the mid 18th century to WW2 what was the largest immigrant group
- irsh
- due to the lack of job opportunties, poor pay and conditions in ireland (push factor)
- drawn to UK for prosepct of higher wages, secure employment
- post war boom drew them to expanding towns such as Luton
when was freedom of movement across the EU introduced
what was the consequences
- intorduced in the early 1990’s and ended in 2020
- estimated 3.7 million EU citizens living in the UK in 2019
- dropped to 3.5 million in 2021
- more ethnically diverse society - 2021 18% of pop ethnic minority groups
what are push factors
facotes or reasons that encourage an individual to leave thier country and emigrate
what are pull factors
factors or reasons for choosing to move to another country to live in
what are the 3 impacts of migration on UK population structure
- population rise
- age structure
- dependency ratio
Population size
impact of migration
- UK population is currently growing
- net migration in 2014 was +260,000 - 47% non EU citizens, 38% were EU citizens, 14% were UK citizens returning
- 2020 net migration was + 34,000
- natural increase in births exceeding death rates - fertilty rates of non UK born citizens were hgiher than UK born women
- means if not for net migration UK population would be shrinking
age structure
impact of migration
- immigration lowers the average age of the population
- generally younger, have higher birth rates
dependency ratio
impact of migration
- effect of migration on dependency ratio is complex
- migrants are of working age and so less dependent but have more children, causing a higher ratio
- more time people live in a country the more their fertility matches national average
what are the 3 main trends in global migration
- acceleration
- differentation
- feminisation of migration
acceleration
global migration
- speeding up of migration
- between 2000-2013 international migration increased by 33%
differentiation
global migration
- many types of migrants - permanent settlers, temporary workers, spouses, asylum seekers, refugees
- some may have legal entitlement others enter without permission
- students now make up a major proportion of migrants
- before 1990’s migrants came to the UK from former brithish colonies - had right to settle and become citizens. they formed a snall number of stable, geographically concentrated and homogenous ethnic communties
Vertovec
global migration - differentation
- since the 1990’s globalisation has led to ‘super-diversity’
- migrants come from a much wider range of countries
- a given ethnic group may be divided by culture or religion and become widely dispersed throughout the UK
Feminisation of migration
global migration
- in past most migrants were men, today nearly half are women
- global transfer of womens emotional labour. migrant nannies may provide care and affection for their employer’s children at the expense of their own children left behind in their home country
ehrenreich and hochschild
global migration - feminisation of migration
- observe that care work, domestic work and sex work in western countries like the UK and USA is increasingly done by women from por countries
result of: - western men remian unwilling to perform domestic labour
- failure of state to prodive adequate childcare
- western women have joined the labour force and are less willing or able to perfomr domestic labour
- expansion of service occupations (trad employ females) in western countries has led to an increasing demand for female labour
resulting gap has been partly filled by women from pooer countries. 40% of adult care nurses in UK are migrant females
what type of identies may migrants develop
hybrid identies made up of two or more differt sources
eriksen
migrant identities
- globalisation has created more diverse migrant patterns with back and forth movements rather than permenant settlements
- migrants less likely to see themselfs belonging to 1 culture or country
- modern technology more possible to sustain global ties without travelling
- found chinese migrants in rome found mandarin more useful for everyday life than italian - mandarin was more important for connections with other chinese ppl in other countries - less likley to desire asmiulation in their host country
as of the 2011 census how has migration impacted family life
ethnic verse white
- asian households are 3 times less likely to be cohabiting, have hihger rates of marrige
- asian households have 1/2 rate of lone person households compared to white households
- black and mixed households have twice rate of lone parent households
- black, asian, and mixed households have very low levels of pensioner couple households compared to white households, and higer rates of ‘other’ households - due to multigenerational?
marrige rates - UK national statistics report
- higher proportion of married couples (not pensioners) with/without children in asian households
- 54% bangladeshi, 53% indian, 51% pakistani households contain a married couple, compared to only 37% headed by a white person
- demonstates the importance placed on marrige by asian communities
how is divorce percieved in trad asian culture
- shamefull
- pressure placed on children to stay in loveless marriges in order to uphold the famiy’s honour and orevent shame falling on family
3/4 gen asian’s perception of divorce
- according to recetn statistics fastly growing rate of british asian divorce
- as young asian men and especially women are better educated and going into proffessional careers
