Migration

Question 1

What is migration?

Answer 1

Permanent change of residence of an individual/group of people that lasts for more than a year.

Question 2

What are short term movements?

Answer 2

Movements that last for less than 1 year; includes commuting, tourism, seasonal movements.

Question 3

Define international migration.

Answer 3

When an individual or group of people cross an international border for more than 1 year.

Question 4

Who is an immigrant?

Answer 4

Someone who moves into a country.

Question 5

Who is an emigrant?

Answer 5

Someone who leaves their country.

Question 6

What is internal migration?

Answer 6

When people move from one place to another inside a country.

Question 7

What is out-migration?

Answer 7

Movement of people out of a region.

Question 8

What is in-migration?

Answer 8

Movement of people into a region.

Question 9

Define net migration.

Answer 9

The difference between in-movements and out-movements to a region/country.

Question 10

What is a source in migration terms?

Answer 10

The place that migrants come from/where migration started.

Question 11

What is a destination in migration terms?

Answer 11

Where migrants go/where migration is completed.

Question 12

What is a migration stream?

Answer 12

The common route that migrants take to get from a source to a destination.

Question 13

What is a counter stream?

Answer 13

The reverse of the migration stream, as people return home.

Question 14

What does Distance-Decay refer to?

Answer 14

As the distance increases between source and destination, the number of migrants reduces.

Question 15

List five migratory types.

Answer 15

• Primitive
• Forced
• Impelled
• Free
• Mass

Question 16

What are push factors?

Answer 16

Negative reasons behind people moving away from the source.

Question 17

List three examples of push factors.

Answer 17

• Social intolerance/civil war
• Government corruption
• Natural disaster/climate conditions

Question 18

What are pull factors?

Answer 18

Positive aspects about the destination.

Question 19

List three examples of pull factors.

Answer 19

• Job prospects and high-income promise
• Higher living standard
• Better education and healthcare

Question 20

What is chain migration?

Answer 20

After a few migrants leave, a chain reaction is set off, and many more follow.

Question 21

What is relay migration?

Answer 21

At different stages in the family life cycle, different people migrate to improve financial situation.

Question 22

What is step migration?

Answer 22

Rural migrant progressively steps to bigger settlements.

Question 23

List some migration patterns.

Answer 23

• Mexico to USA
• Asian countries to USA
• Eastern Europe to Western Europe

Question 24

What are constraints in migration?

Answer 24

Factors that may prevent migration.

Question 25

What is closing up cost?

Answer 25

The cost of leaving the source.

Question 26

What is opening up cost?

Answer 26

The cost of purchasing a house, legal fees, essentials to survive in the destination.

Question 27

What is the Todaro model?

Answer 27

A migrant’s decision to migrate can be explained with economic costs/benefits.

Question 28

What does the Systems model involve?

Answer 28

A migrant works through a flow chart to decide if migration is the best thing to do.

Question 29

According to the Marxist theory, when does migration occur?

Answer 29

Migration occurs after the alienation of land.

Question 30

What is the impact of gender on migration?

Answer 30

Men traditionally move to find work, while women are increasingly migrating for better status.

Question 31

How does age affect migration?

Answer 31

The young are more likely to migrate in search of employment.

Question 32

What is macro scale internal migration?

Answer 32

Considers colonial roots and transition from traditional societies to capitalism.

Question 33

What is meso scale internal migration?

Answer 33

Movement based mainly on economic with some social factors, regional rather than national.

Question 34

What is micro scale internal migration?

Answer 34

Views migration on individual bases and acknowledges migration stream.

Question 35

List some causes of rural to urban migration.

Answer 35

* Poverty * Low wages * Unemployment * Poor amenities and services

Question 36

What are the source impacts of rural to urban migration?

Answer 36

* Remittances returned * Separated families * Deforestation

Question 37

What are the destination impacts of rural to urban migration?

Answer 37

* Pressure on housing * Informal economy created * More pollution

Question 38

What are the causes of urban to rural migration?

Answer 38

* Pollution * Crime * Congestion * Loneliness

Question 39

What is counter urbanisation?

Answer 39

Occurs primarily in HICs where urban areas degenerate, and rural areas gain services.

Question 40

What is stepped migration?

Answer 40

Migrants move from rural settlements to big urban cities in a series of steps.

Question 41

What are the characteristics of voluntary migration?

Answer 41

Migrants choose to move on their own accord.

Question 42

What is independent movement?

Answer 42

Decision taken by the individual.

Question 43

What is dependent movement?

Answer 43

Decision is collective by the household.

Question 44

Define refugee.

Answer 44

Someone who is allowed to stay in the country fled to, after proving persecution risk.

Question 45

What is an asylum seeker?

Answer 45

Someone who has fled their country to the nearest safe one.

Question 46

What is an internally displaced person?

Answer 46

Someone forced to leave their home but remains in the country.

Question 47

What are golden visas?

Answer 47

New waves of people granted visas based on investment in the country.

Question 48

List some causes of international migration.

Answer 48

* Population pressure * Economic differences * Civil war * Natural disasters

Question 49

What are barriers to migration?

Answer 49

* Cost of moving * Distance to move * Cultural/information barriers * Immigration laws

Question 50

What are positive impacts of migration on the source?

Answer 50

* Remittances major income source * Emigration eases levels of unemployment * Reduces health/education pressure

Question 51

What are negative impacts of migration on the source?

Answer 51

* Loss of young adult workers * Increased ageing population * Lower agricultural output

Question 52

What is the impact of returning migrants?

Answer 52

* Bring new skills and ideas * May question traditions, causing division.